Pododermatitis – Rabbit - Revision history

Bara at 18:26, 26 July 2012

2012-07-26T18:26:00Z

Bara at 17:58, 24 September 2011

2011-09-24T17:58:20Z

HelenD at 09:50, 14 August 2011

2011-08-14T09:50:58Z

Bara at 16:49, 24 May 2011

2011-05-24T16:49:46Z

Clamy at 18:13, 24 July 2010

2010-07-24T18:13:17Z

Clamy at 15:14, 24 July 2010

2010-07-24T15:14:42Z

Clamy: Created page with '{{unfninished}} This is the epitome of a husbandry related disease. All too frequently the pet rabbit is kept on unsuitable substrate and cannot bear weight normally on the claw…'

2010-07-24T15:14:30Z

Created page with '{{unfninished}} This is the epitome of a husbandry related disease. All too frequently the pet rabbit is kept on unsuitable substrate and cannot bear weight normally on the claw…'

New page

{{unfninished}}

This is the epitome of a husbandry related disease. All too frequently the pet rabbit is kept on unsuitable substrate and cannot bear weight normally on the claws (ie. digitigrade). If weight-bearing is transferred to the plantar aspect of the metatarsus, pressure sores develop on the skin in that area. These can spread to subcutaneous tissues and, in advanced cases, the superficial digital flexor is displaced, which is a frequent finding in adult rabbits, particularly heavy adult bucks of which the feet become ulcerated (decubitous) due to contact with a dirty cage floor.

Predisposing features include thin fur pads, moist or abrasive substrate or wire flooring, obesity frequent thumping.

Bacteria isolated often include ''Pasteurella multocida'' and ''Staphylococcus aureus'' - human strains of the latter often cause renal infarcts in rabbits (Okerman 1994). Lawton (1993) states that ''Corynebacterium pyogenes'' may also be involved.

Clinical signs vary from a mild hair loss, seborrhoea, through erythema and cellulitis to acute ulceration involving the skin of the plantar surface of the tarsi and metatarsi. The condition is further addressed in the lecture on locomotor disturbances.

For a full and exhaustive treatise of pododermatitis you are referred to Harcourt Brown F (2002) Textbook of Rabbit Medicine pub Butterworth Heinemann Oxford, pages 233-240.

==References==
*Harcourt Brown, F. (2002) Textbook of Rabbit Medicine pub Butterworth Heinemann Oxford ISBN 0 7506 4002
*Lawton (1993)
*Okerman, L. (1994) Diseases of Domestic Rabbits. Blackwell Scien¬tific Publications 2nd Edition
[[Category:Skin_Conditions_-_Rabbit]]

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 Also know as: '''''Ulcerative pododermatitis — Sore hocks'''''
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 {{review}}
 [[Category:Rabbit Locomotory Disorders]]
 [[Category:Expert Review - Exotics]][[Category:Bacterial_Skin_Diseases_–_Rabbit]]

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 Pododermatitis is the '''epitome of a husbandry related disease'''. It is a complex, multifactorial condition involving musculoskeletal as well as integumentary systems.
-The hind-leg stance of the rabbit is naturally '''digitigrade'''. Contact with the ground is through the claw and the plantar aspect of the hock. Most of the weight is taken on the hind limb. The superficial digital flexor is constantly under tension to facilitate immediate response to predators. The animals is therefore well adapted for life on grassland of turf.
+The hind-leg stance of the rabbit is naturally '''digitigrade'''. Contact with the ground is through the claw and the plantar aspect of the hock. Most of the weight is taken on the hind limb. The superficial digital flexor is constantly under tension to facilitate immediate response to predators. The animal is therefore well adapted for life on grassland or turf.
 All too frequently the pet rabbit is kept on '''unsuitable substrate''' and '''cannot bear weight normally''' on the claws. If weight-bearing is transferred to the plantar aspect of the metatarsus, '''pressure sores''' develop on the skin in that area. These can spread to subcutaneous tissues and, in advanced cases, the superficial digital flexor is displaced, which is a frequent finding in adult rabbits, particularly heavy adult bucks of which the feet become ulcerated due to contact with a dirty cage floor.
@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 '''Poor anatomical conformation''':
 :large rabbits: giant breeds, obesity
-:lack of guard hairs: rex breeds, clipping of feet for surgey
+:lack of guard hairs: rex breeds, clipping of feet for surgery
 '''Husbandry problems''':
@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 :locomotor lesions such as spondylosis, ataxia
-The most important factors is flooring construction and substrate, and wire mesh is the most likely to cause pododermatitis.
+The most important factors are flooring construction and substrate, and wire mesh is the most likely to cause pododermatitis.
 ==Clinical Signs==
 This condition is usually seen in the '''hind limb''', but occasionally occurs on the palmar surface of the metacarpals.
-The hock area may be '''erythematous with alopecia'''. There may be discharge from the skin. '''Ulcerations''' occur early on, and progress raised, thickened lesions covered in '''necrotic debris'''.
+The hock area may be '''erythematous with alopecia'''. There may be discharge from the skin. '''Ulcerations''' occur early on and progress to raised, thickened lesions covered in '''necrotic debris'''.
 There may be '''cellulitis''' and the area involved may spread to include most of the tarsal and metatarsal area.
-'''Secondary infections''' will exacerbate the ulcerations and may progress to involve the bone with osteomyelitis.
+'''Secondary infections''' will exacerbate the ulcerations and may progress to involve the bone with [[Osteomyelitis – Rabbit|osteomyelitis]].
-The pain may lead to '''ileus''' which will present as reduced faecal output and anorexia.
+The pain may lead to [[Non-Obstructive Ileus – Rabbit|'''ileus''']] which will present as reduced fecal output and anorexia.
 ==Diagnosis==
@@ Line 48: / Line 48: @@
 If a mass is present, it can be biopsied or an aspirate taken to rule out neoplasia and granulomas.
-A '''sterile, deep sample''' should be taken from the affected tissue, and '''culture and sensitivity''' should be performed to choose the best antibiotic therapy.
+A '''sterile, deep sample''' should be taken from the affected tissue, and '''culture and sensitivity''' should be performed to choose the best antibiotic therapy. Bacteria commonly isolated include ''[[Pasteurella multocida]]'' and '''''Staphylococcus aureus''''' - human strains of the latter often cause renal infarcts in rabbits. ''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]'' may also be involved.
 ==Treatment==
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 '''Nursing care''' involves: caging on soft, dry bedding may be sufficient in early disease. More severe disease requires frequent debridement and flushing of exudate and necrotic tissue and bandaging.
-'''Bandaging''': this is usually only necessary in open or debrided wounds. Wet-to-dry bandaing may be required until granulation tissue is formed. Silver sulfadiazine cream can be applied under the bandage.
+'''Bandaging''': this is usually only necessary in open or debrided wounds. Wet-to-dry bandaging may be required until granulation tissue is formed. Silver sulfadiazine cream can be applied under the bandage.
-'''Activity''' should be restricted until the wounds have healed, but should be encourage in the long-term.
+'''Activity''' should be restricted until the wounds have healed, but encourage in the long-term.
 '''Diet''' is an important consideration, as rabbits should never stop eating. Good quality grass hay and fresh greens should be offered. Critical Care formulas may have to be syringe-fed if the rabbit is reluctant to eat.
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 '''Medical therapy involves''':
-:long-term '''antibiotic therapy''': ideally based on cutlure and sensitivity results, for 4-6 weeks minimum.
+:long-term '''antibiotic therapy''': ideally based on culture and sensitivity results, for 4-6 weeks minimum.
 :acute '''pain management''': opiates such as buprenorphine or morphine, and NSAIDs such as carprofen or meloxicam, should be given
-:long-term pain management: NSAIDs such as carprofen or meloxicam.
+:long-term pain management: NSAIDs such as carprofen or meloxicam
 '''Client education''' is paramount: underlying diseases and husbandry problems need to be addressed for a successful outcome. Appropriate bedding needs to be used and wire flooring is not appropriate.
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 Appropriate hutch substrates should be provided that are '''clean and soft'''.
-A separate litter box can be provided to prevent the rabbit sitting in soiled litter for too long.
+A separate litter box can be provided to prevent the rabbit sitting in soiled litter for too long. Soiled substrates should be cleaned daily and bed wetting should be avoided (rain, spillages).
 Obesity should be avoided by '''providing plenty of grass hay and fresh greens''' and avoiding muesli-type diets.
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 Saunders, R. (2005) '''Notes on rabbit internal medicine''' ''Wiley-Blackwell''
-[[Category:To Do - Exotics]][[Category:To Do - Medium]][[Category:Bacterial_Skin_Diseases_–_Rabbit]]
+{{review}}

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	This is the epitome of a husbandry related disease. All too frequently the pet rabbit is kept on unsuitable substrate and cannot bear weight normally on the claws (ie. digitigrade). If weight-bearing is transferred to the plantar aspect of the metatarsus, pressure sores develop on the skin in that area. These can spread to subcutaneous tissues and, in advanced cases, the superficial digital flexor is displaced, which is a frequent finding in adult rabbits, particularly heavy adult bucks of which the feet become ulcerated (decubitous) due to contact with a dirty cage floor.		This is the epitome of a husbandry related disease. All too frequently the pet rabbit is kept on unsuitable substrate and cannot bear weight normally on the claws (ie. digitigrade). If weight-bearing is transferred to the plantar aspect of the metatarsus, pressure sores develop on the skin in that area. These can spread to subcutaneous tissues and, in advanced cases, the superficial digital flexor is displaced, which is a frequent finding in adult rabbits, particularly heavy adult bucks of which the feet become ulcerated (decubitous) due to contact with a dirty cage floor.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-This is the epitome of a husbandry related disease. All too frequently the pet rabbit is kept on unsuitable substrate and cannot bear weight normally on the claws (ie. digitigrade). If weight-bearing is transferred to the plantar aspect of the metatarsus, pressure sores develop on the skin in that area. These can spread to subcutaneous tissues and, in advanced cases, the superficial digital flexor is displaced, which is a frequent finding in adult rabbits, particularly heavy adult bucks of which the feet become ulcerated (decubitous) due to contact with a dirty cage floor.
+Also know as: '''''Ulcerative pododermatitis — Sore hocks'''''
-Predisposing features include thin fur pads, moist or abrasive substrate or wire flooring, obesity frequent thumping.
+==Introduction==
-Bacteria isolated often include ''Pasteurella multocida'' and ''Staphylococcus aureus'' - human strains of the latter often cause renal infarcts in rabbits (Okerman 1994). Lawton (1993) states that ''Corynebacterium pyogenes'' may also be involved.
+The hind-leg stance of the rabbit is naturally '''digitigrade'''. Contact with the ground is through the claw and the plantar aspect of the hock. Most of the weight is taken on the hind limb. The superficial digital flexor is constantly under tension to facilitate immediate response to predators. The animals is therefore well adapted for life on grassland of turf.
-Clinical signs vary from a mild hair loss, seborrhoea, through erythema and cellulitis to acute ulceration involving the skin of the plantar surface of the tarsi and metatarsi. The condition is further addressed in the lecture on locomotor disturbances.
+All too frequently the pet rabbit is kept on '''unsuitable substrate''' and '''cannot bear weight normally''' on the claws. If weight-bearing is transferred to the plantar aspect of the metatarsus, '''pressure sores''' develop on the skin in that area. These can spread to subcutaneous tissues and, in advanced cases, the superficial digital flexor is displaced, which is a frequent finding in adult rabbits, particularly heavy adult bucks of which the feet become ulcerated due to contact with a dirty cage floor.
-For a full and exhaustive treatise of pododermatitis you are referred to Harcourt Brown F (2002) Textbook of Rabbit Medicine pub Butterworth Heinemann Oxford, pages 233-240.
+==Risk Factors==
 ==References==
-*Harcourt Brown, F. (2002) Textbook of Rabbit Medicine pub Butterworth Heinemann Oxford ISBN 0 7506 4002
+Harcourt Brown, F. (2002) '''Textbook of Rabbit Medicine''' ''Butterworth Heinemann'' Oxford ISBN 0 7506 4002
-*Lawton (1993)
-*Okerman, L. (1994) Diseases of Domestic Rabbits. Blackwell Scien¬tific Publications 2nd Edition
+Okerman, L. (1994) '''Diseases of Domestic Rabbits''' ''Blackwell Scien¬tific Publications'' 2nd Edition
 [[Category:To Do - Exotics]][[Category:To Do - Medium]][[Category:Bacterial_Skin_Diseases_–_Rabbit]]