Prescribing - Donkey - Revision history

Bara at 11:23, 23 October 2010

2010-10-23T11:23:46Z

Bara at 23:15, 19 March 2010

2010-03-19T23:15:17Z

Bara at 11:38, 3 March 2010

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Bara at 23:26, 23 February 2010

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Bara at 21:55, 20 February 2010

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Bara at 21:50, 20 February 2010

2010-02-20T21:50:44Z

Bara: Protected "Prescribing - Donkey" [edit=sysop:move=sysop]

2010-02-20T21:43:50Z

Protected "Prescribing - Donkey" [edit=sysop:move=sysop]

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 product approved for use in the horse should be selected and used at the
 approved dose rate and regime.
 ==References==

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 ==Prescribing for donkeys==
+[[Image:Donkey Mexico.JPG|thumb|right|200px|<small><center>Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary]</center></small>]]
 Pharmacokinetic differences have been demonstrated between horses and donkeys for a number of drugs e.g. oxytetracycline (Horspool ''et al'', 1990), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Peck ''et al'', 2002), phenylbutazone (Mealey ''et al'', 1997, Matthews ''et al'', 2001), flunixin meglumine (Coakley ''et al'', 1999), and guaifenesin (Matthews ''et al'', 1997) with, in general, Vd being lower, CL being higher and/or t½ being shorter in donkeys than in horses. These differences are of potential clinical significance for some, but not all, drugs that undergo hepatic biotransformation (Peck ''et al'', 1997). The NSAID carprofen is apparently metabolised more slowly in donkeys than in horses (Mealey 'et al'', 2004).

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 product approved for use in the horse should be selected and used at the
 approved dose rate and regime.
 ==References==

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		+	==Prescribing for donkeys==
		+
		+	Pharmacokinetic differences have been demonstrated between horses and donkeys for a number of drugs e.g. oxytetracycline (Horspool ''et al'', 1990), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Peck ''et al'', 2002), phenylbutazone (Mealey ''et al'', 1997, Matthews ''et al'', 2001), flunixin meglumine (Coakley ''et al'', 1999), and guaifenesin (Matthews ''et al'', 1997) with, in general, Vd being lower, CL being higher and/or t½ being shorter in donkeys than in horses. These differences are of potential clinical significance for some, but not all, drugs that undergo hepatic biotransformation (Peck ''et al'', 1997). The NSAID carprofen is apparently metabolised more slowly in donkeys than in horses (Mealey 'et al'', 2004).
		+
		+	Dose rates and/or dosing regimens should not be altered unless there is
		+	sufficient evidence, based on controlled studies or best practice guidelines,
		+	for a particular drug. The dose rates cited in this chapter are based either
		+	on published literature or on the recommendations made by The Donkey
		+	Sanctuary (Trawford, 2004).
		+
		+	Most commonly, there is no approved product for use in the donkey. In
		+	the EU, equines are considered food-producing animals with the consequent
		+	implications in terms of what drugs can be administered and withdrawal
		+	periods. Donkeys are frequently kept as companion or leisure animals and
		+	are not usually intended for human consumption. Legislation has been put
		+	in place in the EU that covers equines of this type (Trawford, 2004). The
		+	range of medicines that can be used in the latter group can then be based
		+	on the so-called prescribing cascade <font color='green>(Bishop, 2001)</font color>. In the absence of a
		+	veterinary product with market authorisation for use in donkeys, a veterinary
		+	product approved for use in the horse should be selected and used at the
		+	approved dose rate and regime.
		+
		+	==Drug administration==
		+
		+	The parenteral (e.g. intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intra-articular)
		+	or oral routes are used most commonly to administer drugs to donkeys.
		+	The choice of administration route depends on a number of factors,
		+	such as the need for dose titration and the expected onset and duration
		+	of action <font color='green>(see Table 1)</font color>. Aseptic technique needs to be strictly practised for
		+	intra-articular administration since the consequences of intra-articular
		+	sepsis are particularly severe. Drugs can also be applied topically for local
		+	effects. However systemic action can occur following the administration of
		+	drugs by this route, e.g. atropine has systemic effects following ophthalmic
		+	administration.
		+
		+	==References==
		+
		+	* Horspool, L. (2008) Clinical pharmacology In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 12
		+
		+
		+	* Bishop, Y. (2000). ‘Code of Practice on Medicines’. ''Veterinary Formulary. 5th edition.'' Y. Bishop (ed). The Pharmaceutical Press, London. pp 5-8.
		+	* Coakley, M., Peck, K.E., Taylor, T.S., Matthews, N.S., and Mealey, K.L. (1999). ‘Pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine in donkeys, mules and horses’. ''American Journal of Veterinary Research 60''. pp 1441-1444.
		+	* Horspool, L.J.I., McKellar, Q.A. (1990). ‘Disposition of oxytetracycline in horses, ponies and donkeys after intravenous administration’. ''Equine Veterinary Journal 22(4)''. pp 284-285.
		+	* Matthews, N.S., Peck, K.E., Mealey, K.L., Taylor, T.S., and Ray, A.C. (1997). ‘Pharmacokinetics and cardiopulmonary effects of guaifenesin in donkeys’. ''Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 20''. pp 442-226.
		+	* Matthews, N.S., Peck, K.E., Taylor, T.S., and Mealey, K.L. (2001). ‘Pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone and its metabolite oxyphenbutazone in miniature donkeys’. ''American Journal of Veterinry Research 62''. pp 673-675.
		+	* Mealey, K.L., Matthews, N.S., Peck, K.E., Burchfield, M.I., Bennett, B.S. and Taylor, T.S. (2004). ‘Pharmacokinetics of R(-) and S(+) carprofen after administration of racemic carprofen in donkeys and horses’. ''American Journal of Veterinary Research 65''. pp 1479-1482.
		+	* Mealey, K.L., Matthews, N.S., Peck, K.E., Ray, A.C., and Taylor, T.S. (1997). ‘Comparative pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone and its metabolite oxyphenbutazone in clinically normal horses and donkeys’. ''American Journal of Veterinary Research 58''. pp 53-55.
		+	* Peck, K., Mealey, K.L., Matthews, N.S., and Taylor, T.S. (1997). ‘Comparative pharmacokinetics of caffeine and three metabolites in clinically normal horses and donkeys’. ''American Journal of Veterinary Research'' 58. pp 881-884.
		+	* Peck, K.E., Matthews, N.S., Taylor, T.S., and Mealey, K.L. (2002). ‘Pharmacokinetics of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in donkeys, mules, and horses’. ''American Journal of Veterinary Research 63''. pp 349-353.
		+	* Trawford, A.F. (2004). ‘Prescribing for donkeys’. ''The Veterinary Formulary. 6th edition''. Y. Bishop (ed). The Pharmaceutical Press, London.
		+

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