Respiratory System General Introduction - Pathology - Revision history

Lwilkie at 17:33, 8 November 2012

2012-11-08T17:33:27Z

2011-02-20T17:01:59Z

2011-02-20T17:00:47Z

2011-02-19T17:14:39Z

2010-09-07T14:32:34Z

Text replace - "[[Hindgut Fermenters - Horse - Anatomy & Physiology|" to "[[Equine Alimentary System - Anatomy & Physiology|"

2010-06-12T16:32:12Z

Text replace - 'IgG' to 'IgG'

2010-06-12T16:21:25Z

Text replace - 'IgA' to 'IgA'

2010-06-12T12:50:11Z

Text replace - 'Leukocytes - WikiBlood' to 'Leukocytes'

2010-06-12T12:43:11Z

Text replace - 'Monocytes - WikiBlood' to 'Monocytes'

2010-06-12T12:39:48Z

Text replace - 'Macrophages - WikiBlood' to 'Macrophages'

@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 **Maxillary sinus opening very large - 'maxillary recess'
 ***Maxillary sinus infections very uncommon in carnivores
-**Highly developed in [[Equine Alimentary System  - Anatomy & Physiology|horses]]
+**Highly developed in [[Alimentary System  - Horse Anatomy|horses]]
 **Slit-like, high openings in horses
 **Predisposed to bacterial infections

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:01, 20 February 2011
Line 216:		Line 216:


−	[[Category:Respiratory System - Pathology]]	+	[[Category:Respiratory System - Pathology\|A]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ==Invasion of respiratory system==
@@ Line 123: / Line 111: @@
 ===Trachea===
 [[Image:Trachea epithelium.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Epithelium of trachea (Courtesy of RVC Histology Images)</center></small>]]
 *Most domestic animals - pseudostratified epithelium, ciliated, non-ciliated and mucous cells
@@ Line 154: / Line 122: @@
 **Coughing
 **Bronchial associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) covered by M cells (microfold cells) where there is professional APC and lymphocytes trafficking.
@@ Line 191: / Line 156: @@
 *The net effect is that liquid moves from the alveolar interstitum towards lymphatics in the fascia and then the hilus of the lung and mediastinum
@@ Line 261: / Line 214: @@
 *Sneezing
 *Coughing

@@ Line 183: / Line 183: @@
 *The lung receives half of the cardiac output and must rapidly exchange gases with this large blood volume through a vast alveolar membranous surface
-*This makes the lung vulnerable to circulatory disturbances, most notably [[Lungs Circulatory - Pathology#Pulmonary oedema|pulmonary oedema]]
+*This makes the lung vulnerable to circulatory disturbances, most notably [[Pulmonary Oedema|pulmonary oedema]]
 *Normally, mechanisms are in place to protect the lung from the entry of circulatory fluid into alveolar spaces

@@ Line 80: / Line 80: @@
 **Maxillary sinus opening very large - 'maxillary recess'
 ***Maxillary sinus infections very uncommon in carnivores
-**Highly developed in [[Hindgut Fermenters - Horse - Anatomy & Physiology|horses]]
+**Highly developed in [[Equine Alimentary System  - Anatomy & Physiology|horses]]
 **Slit-like, high openings in horses
 **Predisposed to bacterial infections

@@ Line 240: / Line 240: @@
 *This mucous blanket is contributed to by the secretions of the Clara cells in the terminal and respiratory bronchioles
-*Also contained in these secretions in the respiratory tract are: [[IgA]], IgG, and Interferon
+*Also contained in these secretions in the respiratory tract are: [[IgA]], [[IgG]], and Interferon
 *At all levels of the tract, and especially at bifurcations, there are subepithelial leukocytes which have the potential to develop into lymphoid follicles under a persistent antigenic challenge

@@ Line 231: / Line 231: @@
 *Prevents dessication of the mucosal epithelium
 *Contains antimicrobial substances
-*Immunoglobulin - IgA
+*Immunoglobulin - [[IgA]]
-**IgA produced by mucosal plasma cells
+**[[IgA]] produced by mucosal plasma cells
-**IgA can attach to specific pathogen antigens (viruses, bacteria) trapping them in the mucus for clearance
+**[[IgA]] can attach to specific pathogen antigens (viruses, bacteria) trapping them in the mucus for clearance
 *Lysosyme
 **Direct action on bacterial cell walls
@@ Line 240: / Line 240: @@
 *This mucous blanket is contributed to by the secretions of the Clara cells in the terminal and respiratory bronchioles
-*Also contained in these secretions in the respiratory tract are: IgA, IgG, and Interferon
+*Also contained in these secretions in the respiratory tract are: [[IgA]], IgG, and Interferon
 *At all levels of the tract, and especially at bifurcations, there are subepithelial leukocytes which have the potential to develop into lymphoid follicles under a persistent antigenic challenge

@@ Line 249: / Line 249: @@
 *Phagocytes resident within the alveolus
 *There is normally one sentinel macrophage per alveolus and they ingest particles which reach the alveolus
-*When activated by such irritants, they have increased phagocytic and bactericidal capability and are able to recruit further [[Macrophages|macrophages]] ([[Monocytes|monocytes]] from the blood), and also to attract [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]] and other [[Leukocytes - WikiBlood|leukocytes]] to the site
+*When activated by such irritants, they have increased phagocytic and bactericidal capability and are able to recruit further [[Macrophages|macrophages]] ([[Monocytes|monocytes]] from the blood), and also to attract [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]] and other [[Leukocytes|leukocytes]] to the site
 *Removal of phagocytosed irritants may be via the mucociliary escalator or carried to the interstitium for sequestration in the connective tissue