Rhodococcus equi - Revision history

Petermoore333: /* Introduction */

2013-04-23T08:14:29Z

Introduction

Bara at 18:03, 31 July 2012

2012-07-31T18:03:35Z

Bara: /* Treatment and Control */

2011-08-22T22:28:44Z

Treatment and Control

Bara: /* Treatment and Control */

2011-08-22T22:28:25Z

Treatment and Control

Bara at 22:28, 22 August 2011

2011-08-22T22:28:02Z

Bara at 22:27, 22 August 2011

2011-08-22T22:27:05Z

Bara at 08:47, 11 April 2011

2011-04-11T08:47:39Z

Bara at 08:46, 11 April 2011

2011-04-11T08:46:50Z

DrOlga: /* Diagnosis */

2011-04-08T21:31:51Z

Diagnosis

DrOlga: /* Literature Search */

2011-04-08T21:29:51Z

Literature Search

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 [[Image:Pyogranulomatous lungs due to Rhodococcus Equi.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<small><center>Pyogranulomatous lesions due to ''Rhodococcus equi'' (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
-''Rhodococcus equi'' is a gram-positive aerobic, intracellular, saprophyte found worldwide in the soil and in the intestinal tract of animals. It replicates at warm temperatures in soils contaminated by faeces of herbivores and is an opportunistic respiratory pathogen of foals under 6 months causing suppurative [[Bronchopneumonia|bronchoneumonia]].
+''Rhodococcus equi'' is a Gram-positive aerobic, intracellular, saprophyte found worldwide in the soil and in the intestinal tract of animals. It replicates at warm temperatures in soils contaminated by faeces of herbivores and is an opportunistic respiratory pathogen of foals under 6 months causing suppurative [[Bronchopneumonia|bronchoneumonia]].
 Pastures can become heavily contaminated leading to outbreaks of the disease. The organism can be present in the faeces of adult horses and also healthy foals, without causing clinical disease. Transmission can be via inhalation of dust contaminated with ''R. equi''.
 == Clinical Signs ==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 == Introduction  ==
 [[Image:Pyogranulomatous lungs due to Rhodococcus Equi.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<small><center>Pyogranulomatous lesions due to ''Rhodococcus equi'' (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
@@ Line 64: / Line 65: @@
 {{review}}
 [[Category:Bacteria_miscellaneous]] [[Category:Gram_positive_bacteria]] [[Category:Cocci]] [[Category:Rods]] [[Category:Horse_Bacteria]] [[Category:Expert_Review - Horse]] [[Category:Respiratory_Bacterial_Infections]] [[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Horse]]

@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 {{Learning
-flashcards = [[Equine Internal Medicine Q&A 17]]
+|flashcards = [[Equine Internal Medicine Q&A 17]]
 |full text = [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2010/20103095411.pdf '''''Rhodococcus equi'' infection in horses: an overview.''' Rajesh Agrawal; Nishi Pande; Rajesh Katoch; Anish Yadav; Ajitpal Singh; Veterinary Practitioner, c/o Dr. A. K. Gahlot, Bikaner, India, Veterinary Practitioner, 2009, 10, 2, pp 187-188, 16 ref.]

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:28, 22 August 2011
Line 38:		Line 38:

	[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2008/20083097718.pdf '''Review of the epidemiology and ecology of ''Rhodococcus equi.''''' Muscatello, G.; Lowe, J. M.; Flash, M. L.; McBride, K. L.; Browning, G. F.; Gilkerson, J. R.; Green, E. M. ; American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP), Lexington, USA, Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Orlando, Florida, USA, 1-5 December, 2007, 2007, pp 214-217, 27 ref.]		[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2008/20083097718.pdf '''Review of the epidemiology and ecology of ''Rhodococcus equi.''''' Muscatello, G.; Lowe, J. M.; Flash, M. L.; McBride, K. L.; Browning, G. F.; Gilkerson, J. R.; Green, E. M. ; American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP), Lexington, USA, Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Orlando, Florida, USA, 1-5 December, 2007, 2007, pp 214-217, 27 ref.]
		+	}}

	== References ==		== References ==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 == Introduction  ==
-[[Image:Pyogranulomatous lungs due to Rhodococcus Equi.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<small><center>Pyogranulomatous lesions due to Rhodococcus equi (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
+[[Image:Pyogranulomatous lungs due to Rhodococcus Equi.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<small><center>Pyogranulomatous lesions due to ''Rhodococcus equi'' (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 ''Rhodococcus equi'' is a gram-positive aerobic, intracellular, saprophyte found worldwide in the soil and in the intestinal tract of animals. It replicates at warm temperatures in soils contaminated by faeces of herbivores and is an opportunistic respiratory pathogen of foals under 6 months causing suppurative [[Bronchopneumonia|bronchoneumonia]].

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 == Introduction  ==
 [[Image:Pyogranulomatous lungs due to Rhodococcus Equi.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<small><center>Pyogranulomatous lesions due to Rhodococcus equi (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
@@ Line 7: / Line 6: @@
 Pastures can become heavily contaminated leading to outbreaks of the disease. The organism can be present in the faeces of adult horses and also healthy foals, without causing clinical disease. Transmission can be via inhalation of dust contaminated with ''R. equi''.
 == Clinical Signs ==
@@ Line 35: / Line 33: @@
 Control measures include preventing build-up of bacteria in environment by removing manure from pastures often and rotating foals and mares onto clean pastures regularly. Dusty conditions in paddocks should be avoided. In sickly looking foals, hyperimmune serum from the dam may be given to the foal in the first month of life.
-== Literature Search  ==
+{{Learning
-[[Image:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]
+[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2008/20083097718.pdf '''Review of the epidemiology and ecology of ''Rhodococcus equi.''''' Muscatello, G.; Lowe, J. M.; Flash, M. L.; McBride, K. L.; Browning, G. F.; Gilkerson, J. R.; Green, E. M.&nbsp;; American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP), Lexington, USA, Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Orlando, Florida, USA, 1-5 December, 2007, 2007, pp 214-217, 27 ref.]
 == References  ==
@@ Line 51: / Line 47: @@
 :[http://elib.tiho-hannover.de/dissertations/heyersp_ss05.html Comparison of the detection of Rhodococcus equi by microbiological culture and the polymerase chain reaction in tracheobronchial fluid from foals]
-Althaus, O.P., (2004) Sonographie der Lunge: Eine Hilfe zur Früherkennung der Rhodococcus equi-Pneumonie beim Fohlen, Diss. Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
+Brown, C.M, Bertone, J.J. (2002)''' The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult- Equine''', Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins ''Blackwell''
-Brown, C.M, Bertone, J.J. (2002) The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult- Equine', Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins
+Kerth, R., (2005) '''Untersuchung der Wirksamkeit von Tulathromycin bei der Behandlung von Lungenabszessen bei Fohlen,''''' Diss. Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover''
-Kerth, R., (2005) Untersuchung der Wirksamkeit von Tulathromycin bei der Behandlung von Lungenabszessen bei Fohlen, Diss. Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
+Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders''
-Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) Equine Internal Medicine (Third Edition), Saunders.
+Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M, Sellon, D.C. (2004) '''Equine Internal Medicine '''(Second Edition) ''Saunders''
-Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M, Sellon, D.C. (2004) Equine Internal Medicine (Second Edition) Saunders.
+Robinson, N.E., Sprayberry, K.A. (2009) '''Current Therapy in Equine Medicine''' (Sixth Edition) ''Saunders Elsevier''
-Robinson, N.E., Sprayberry, K.A. (2009) Current Therapy in Equine Medicine (Sixth Edition) Saunders Elsevier
+Rose, R. J. and Hodgson, D. R. (2000)''' Manual of Equine Practice''' (Second Edition) ''Sauders''
+{{review}}
+[[Category:Bacteria_miscellaneous]] [[Category:Gram_positive_bacteria]] [[Category:Cocci]] [[Category:Rods]] [[Category:Horse_Bacteria]] [[Category:Expert_Review - Horse]] [[Category:Respiratory_Bacterial_Infections]] [[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Horse]]

@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2008/20083097718.pdf '''Review of the epidemiology and ecology of ''Rhodococcus equi.''''' Muscatello, G.; Lowe, J. M.; Flash, M. L.; McBride, K. L.; Browning, G. F.; Gilkerson, J. R.; Green, E. M.&nbsp;; American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP), Lexington, USA, Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Orlando, Florida, USA, 1-5 December, 2007, 2007, pp 214-217, 27 ref. - '''Full text article''']
 There are many dissertations from Hannover University (summary in English):
@@ Line 47: / Line 49: @@
 :[http://elib.tiho-hannover.de/dissertations/kerthr_ws05.html Evaluation of the efficacy of Tulathromycin in the treatment of lung abscesses in foals]
-:[http://elib.tiho-hannover.de/dissertations/heyersp_ss05.html Comparison of the detection of Rhodococcus equi by microbiological culture and the polymerase chain reaction in tracheobronchial fluid from foals]
+:[http://elib.tiho-hannover.de/dissertations/heyersp_ss05.html Comparison of the detection of Rhodococcus equi by microbiological culture and the polymerase chain reaction in tracheobronchial fluid from foals]
 Althaus, O.P., (2004) Sonographie der Lunge: Eine Hilfe zur Früherkennung der Rhodococcus equi-Pneumonie beim Fohlen, Diss. Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{review}}
 == Introduction  ==
-[[Image:Pyogranulomatous lungs due to Rhodococcus Equi.jpg|thumb|right|100px|<small><center>Pyogranulomatous lesions due to Rhodococcus equi (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
+[[Image:Pyogranulomatous lungs due to Rhodococcus Equi.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<small><center>Pyogranulomatous lesions due to Rhodococcus equi (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 ''Rhodococcus equi'' is a gram-positive aerobic, intracellular, saprophyte found worldwide in the soil and in the intestinal tract of animals. It replicates at warm temperatures in soils contaminated by faeces of herbivores and is an opportunistic respiratory pathogen of foals under 6 months causing suppurative [[Bronchopneumonia|bronchoneumonia]].
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 == Clinical Signs ==
-Bronchoneumonia and lung abscessation in foals less than 4 months old. Acute disease in 1 month-old foals with signs such as acute fever, anorexia, bronchopneumonia. In older foals, 2- 4 months the disease is more insidious with signs such as coughing, dyspnoea, weight loss, exercise intolerance, loud, moist rattles on lung auscultation. There is occasionally diarrhoea seen, due to granulomatous ulcerative enterocolitis, mesenteric lymphadenitis and [[Peritonitis|peritonitis]] in some foals following ingestion of contaminated sputum.
+Bronchoneumonia and lung abscessation in foals less than 4 months old. Acute disease in 1 month-old foals with signs such as acute fever, anorexia, [[bronchopneumonia]]. In older foals, 2 - 4 months the disease is more insidious with signs such as coughing, dyspnoea, weight loss, exercise intolerance, loud, moist rattles on lung auscultation. There is occasionally diarrhoea seen, due to granulomatous ulcerative enterocolitis, mesenteric lymphadenitis and [[Peritonitis|peritonitis]] in some foals following ingestion of contaminated sputum.
 Foals over 6 months are refractory to pulmonary infection, but superficial abscesses may occur.
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 == Diagnosis  ==
-History of the disease on the farm, age of foals and clinical signs are used to make a presumptive diagnosis. Auscultation and radiography of thorax confirms pulmonary disease. Sonography of the lung shows small abscesses close to pleura in a very early stage, even before clinical signs can be seen. WBC is rising in an early stage, too.
+History of the disease on the farm, age of foals and clinical signs are used to make a presumptive diagnosis. Auscultation and radiography of thorax confirms pulmonary disease. Sonography of the lung shows small abscesses close to the pleura in a very early stage, even before clinical signs can be seen. White blood cell cound (WBC) is rising in an early stage, too.
 Samples of tracheal aspirates and pus from lesions need to be taken and cultured aerobically on blood and MacConkey agar for 24-48 hours. Characteristic salmon-pink mucoid colonies grow, due to capsule and pigment production.
-PCR from the tracheobronchial mucus is a save diagnose.
+PCR from the tracheobronchial mucus is a safe method to confirm diagnosis.
 == Treatment and Control  ==
-Starting the treatment in an early stage is important for the succsess!
+Starting the treatment in an early stage is important for the success!
-Affected farms should be screened regulary. Clinical examiation, WBC and sonography of the lung are effective tools to catch the disease early.
+Affected farms should be screened regularly. Clinical examination, WBC and sonography of the lung are effective tools to catch the disease early.
 Rehydration therapy if diarrhoea is involved may be needed. Bronchodilators and expectorants should be used supportively.
-Sonography of the lung and clinical examination are the best control for treatment´s sucsess.
+Sonography of the lung and clinical examination are the best control for treatment´s success.
-Control measures include preventing build-up of bacteria in environment by removing manure from pastures regularly and rotating foals and mares onto clean pastures regularly. Dusty conditions in paddocks should be avoided. In sickly looking foals, hyperimmune serum from the dam may be given to the foal in the first month of life.
+Control measures include preventing build-up of bacteria in environment by removing manure from pastures often and rotating foals and mares onto clean pastures regularly. Dusty conditions in paddocks should be avoided. In sickly looking foals, hyperimmune serum from the dam may be given to the foal in the first month of life.
 == Literature Search  ==
@@ Line 42: / Line 43: @@
 [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2008/20083097718.pdf '''Review of the epidemiology and ecology of ''Rhodococcus equi.''''' Muscatello, G.; Lowe, J. M.; Flash, M. L.; McBride, K. L.; Browning, G. F.; Gilkerson, J. R.; Green, E. M.&nbsp;; American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP), Lexington, USA, Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Orlando, Florida, USA, 1-5 December, 2007, 2007, pp 214-217, 27 ref. - '''Full text article''']
-There are many dissertations from Hannover (summary in English):
+There are many dissertations from Hannover University (summary in English):
-http://elib.tiho-hannover.de/dissertations/heyersp_ss05.html
+:[http://elib.tiho-hannover.de/dissertations/kerthr_ws05.html Evaluation of the efficacy of Tulathromycin in the treatment of lung abscesses in foals]
 == References  ==
 Brown, C.M, Bertone, J.J. (2002) The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult- Equine', Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins
 Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) Equine Internal Medicine (Third Edition), Saunders.
@@ Line 59: / Line 65: @@
 Rose, R. J. and Hodgson, D. R. (2000) Manual of Equine Practice (Second Edition) Sauders.
-Kerth, R., (2005) Untersuchung der Wirksamkeit von Tulathromycin bei der Behandlung von Lungenabszessen bei Fohlen, Diss. Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
 [[Category:Bacteria_miscellaneous]] [[Category:Gram_positive_bacteria]] [[Category:Cocci]] [[Category:Rods]] [[Category:Horse_Bacteria]] [[Category:Expert_Review]] [[Category:Respiratory_Bacterial_Infections]] [[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Horse]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:31, 8 April 2011
Line 20:		Line 20:

	Samples of tracheal aspirates and pus from lesions need to be taken and cultured aerobically on blood and MacConkey agar for 24-48 hours. Characteristic salmon-pink mucoid colonies grow, due to capsule and pigment production.		Samples of tracheal aspirates and pus from lesions need to be taken and cultured aerobically on blood and MacConkey agar for 24-48 hours. Characteristic salmon-pink mucoid colonies grow, due to capsule and pigment production.
		+
		+	PCR from the tracheobronchial mucus is a save diagnose.

	== Treatment and Control ==		== Treatment and Control ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:29, 8 April 2011
Line 39:		Line 39:

	[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2008/20083097718.pdf '''Review of the epidemiology and ecology of ''Rhodococcus equi.''''' Muscatello, G.; Lowe, J. M.; Flash, M. L.; McBride, K. L.; Browning, G. F.; Gilkerson, J. R.; Green, E. M. ; American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP), Lexington, USA, Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Orlando, Florida, USA, 1-5 December, 2007, 2007, pp 214-217, 27 ref. - '''Full text article''']		[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2008/20083097718.pdf '''Review of the epidemiology and ecology of ''Rhodococcus equi.''''' Muscatello, G.; Lowe, J. M.; Flash, M. L.; McBride, K. L.; Browning, G. F.; Gilkerson, J. R.; Green, E. M. ; American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP), Lexington, USA, Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Orlando, Florida, USA, 1-5 December, 2007, 2007, pp 214-217, 27 ref. - '''Full text article''']
		+
		+	There are many dissertations from Hannover (summary in English):
		+	http://elib.tiho-hannover.de/dissertations/kerthr_ws05.html
		+
		+	http://elib.tiho-hannover.de/dissertations/heyersp_ss05.html

	== References ==		== References ==