Sea Lice - Revision history

Bara at 14:55, 17 August 2012

2012-08-17T14:55:54Z

Bara: Text replace - "Category:CABI Expert Review Completed" to "Category:CABI Expert Review CompletedCategory:CABI AHPC Pages"

2012-04-13T15:10:49Z

Text replace - "Category:CABI Expert Review Completed" to "Category:CABI Expert Review Completed Category:CABI AHPC Pages"

Bara at 23:34, 8 December 2011

2011-12-08T23:34:11Z

Bara at 21:56, 29 September 2011

2011-09-29T21:56:27Z

HelenD at 11:59, 20 September 2011

2011-09-20T11:59:15Z

HelenD at 11:55, 20 September 2011

2011-09-20T11:55:11Z

Bara: /* References */

2011-08-12T23:01:13Z

References

Bara at 18:01, 26 July 2011

2011-07-26T18:01:54Z

Lwyasm1 at 20:51, 11 July 2011

2011-07-11T20:51:02Z

Lwyasm1 at 19:32, 11 July 2011

2011-07-11T19:32:03Z

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 {{Podcasts
 |link = https://bloomsbury.mediacore.tv/media/sea-lice}}
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 |date=20 September 2011
 }}
 [[Category:Fish Diseases]]
 [[Category:Crustacea]]
 [[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]

@@ Line 103: / Line 103: @@
 [[Category:Fish Diseases]]
 [[Category:Crustacea]]
-[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]]
+[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:34, 8 December 2011
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		+	{{Podcasts
		+	\|link = https://bloomsbury.mediacore.tv/media/sea-lice}}
	{{Taxobox		{{Taxobox
	\|name = Caligidae		\|name = Caligidae

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 [[Category:Fish Diseases]]
 [[Category:Crustacea]]
-[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]
+[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]]

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 ==References==
 <references/>
 {{CABI source
 |datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=64879&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 Sea lice (Caligidae) infection of fish] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/Default.aspx?site=160&page=2144&LoadModule=datasheet&CompID=3&dsID=106444 Caligidae]

@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 [[File:Sea lice on salmon.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Sea lice on a salmon. (Wikimedia Commons)]]
-Sea lice are '''parasites of the Caligidae family of arthropods''' and are among the most '''notorious pests''' affecting cultured marine fish. They have a particularly large impact upon salmonid fish production. The parasites '''feed on blood''' from their hosts, causing significant superficial damage and consequent impact upon circulatory volume.
+Sea lice are '''parasites of the Caligidae family of arthropods''' and are among the most '''notorious pests''' affecting cultured marine fish. They have a particularly large impact upon salmonid fish production. The parasites '''feed on body mucus, epidermal tissues and blood''' from their hosts, causing significant superficial damage and consequent impact upon circulatory volume.
 The lice are brown-red in colour, have 5 pairs of legs and the female is considerably larger than the male (10mm and 6mm respectively) with a long egg sac. Three leg pairs are for swimming and the other two adapted for eating.
 ==Lifecycle==
-Eggs are released into the environment from long egg sacs. There are then '''two non-parasitic larval stages'''. Larval migration may exceed 1km.
+Eggs are released into the aquatic environment from long egg sacs. There are '''two non-parasitic larval stages''' that include copepod, chalimus and pre-adult. Larval migration may exceed 1km and they may be carriers of bacteria and viruses as they migrate from fish to fish.
 '''Seven parasitic larval stages follow including copepod, chalimus and pre-adult'''. The larvae damage the fish’ skin by penetrating the epidermis an dermis with first their antennae followed by their cephalothoracic shield which causes separation from the basement membrane. They then secrete a substance which hardens to form their frontal filament and moult into the '''first chalimus''' stage.<ref>Bron, J. E., Sommerville, C., Jones, M., Rae, G. H (1991) '''The settlement and attachment of early stages of the salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae) on the salmon host, Salmo salar.''' ''J Zoology'', 224:201-212</ref>
@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 ''L. salmonis'' is the exception, affecting '''Atlantic salmon in the colder waters''' of the Northern hemisphere. It also infects salmonids is Japan.
-''C. orientalis'' is also found in '''Japan''' in rainbow trout. ''C. elongatus'' is the most common species in '''British waters''', ''C. teres'' and ''C. rogercresseyi'' in '''Chile''', ''C. epidemicus, C. punctatus'' and ''C. orientalis'' in '''Asia''' and ''L. pectoralis'' occurs in the north-east '''Atlantic Ocean, Balic Sea and White Sea'''.
+''C. orientalis'' is also found on rainbow trout in '''Japan'''. ''C. elongatus'' is the most common species in '''British waters''', ''C. teres'' and ''C. rogercresseyi'' in '''Chile''', ''C. epidemicus, C. punctatus'' and ''C. orientalis'' in '''Asia''' and ''L. pectoralis'' occurs in the north-east '''Atlantic Ocean, Balic Sea and White Sea'''.
 No significant problems appear to occur in the Southern hemisphere except for ''C. elongatus'' in '''Australia''' which originated from wild fish and is thought to have been introduced by ballast water translocated from northern Asia.
@@ Line 66: / Line 66: @@
 ==Treatment==
-'''[[Ectoparasiticides]]''' are available in a variety of formulations but '''not all are approved for food fish''' so care should be taken when selecting. Resistance is also an issue.
+'''[[Ectoparasiticides]] (e.g. organophosphates, pyrethroids, hydrogen peroxide) ''' are available in a variety of formulations but '''not all are approved for food fish''' so care should be taken when selecting. Resistance is also an issue.
 ==Control==
 '''[[Ectoparasiticides]]''' can also be used prophylactically.
-'''Biological control''' has also been investigated, in a search for feeder species such as '''wrasse''' which may decrease louse numbers.
+'''Biological control''' has also been investigated, in a search for feeder species such as '''wrasse''' (natural predator) which may decrease louse numbers.
 Management improvements are imperative, and an '''all-in-all-out system''' is ideal.
 '''Selective breeding''' from resistant breeds is also advised but difficult.
 {{Learning
@@ Line 88: / Line 92: @@
 |date =11 July 2011
 }}
-<br><br><br>
+<br><br>
 [[Category:Fish Diseases]]
 [[Category:Crustacea]]
 [[Category:CABI Expert Review]]

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 |sub-kingdom        =
 |phylum             = Arthropoda
-|super-class        = Crustacea
+|super-class        = [[:Category:Crustacea|Crustacea]]
 |class              = Copepoda
 |sub-class          =
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 |sub-family         =
 |genus              =
-|species            = Caligus spp. and Lepeotheirus spp.
+|species            = ''Caligus'' spp. and ''Lepeotheirus'' spp.
 }}
-Also Known As – '''''Caligidae infection'''''
+Caused By: ''Lepeotheirus salmonis — L. Pectoralis — L. Thompsomni — L. Europaensis — Caligus elongatus — C. orientalis — C. teres — C. rogercresseyi — C. punctatus — C. epidemicus''
 ==Introduction==
-[[File:Male female sea lice.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Male and female sea lice. Wikimedia Commons]]
+[[File:Male female sea lice.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Male and female sea lice. (Wikimedia Commons)]]
-[[File:Sea lice on salmon.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Sea lice on a salmon. Wikimedia Commons]]
+[[File:Sea lice on salmon.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Sea lice on a salmon. (Wikimedia Commons)]]
 Sea lice are '''parasites of the Caligidae family of arthropods''' and are among the most '''notorious pests''' affecting cultured marine fish. They have a particularly large impact upon salmonid fish production. The parasites '''feed on blood''' from their hosts, causing significant superficial damage and consequent impact upon circulatory volume.
-The lice are brown-red in colour, have 5 pairs of legs and the female is considerably larger than the male (10mm and 6mm respectively) with a long egg sac. 3 leg pairs are for swimming and the other two adapted for eating.
+The lice are brown-red in colour, have 5 pairs of legs and the female is considerably larger than the male (10mm and 6mm respectively) with a long egg sac. Three leg pairs are for swimming and the other two adapted for eating.
 ==Lifecycle==
 Eggs are released into the environment from long egg sacs. There are then '''two non-parasitic larval stages'''. Larval migration may exceed 1km.
-'''Seven parasitic larval stages follow including copepod, chalimus and pre-adult'''. The larvae damage the fish’ skin by penetrating the epidermis an dermis with first their antennae followed by their cephalothoracic shield which causes separation from the basement membrane. They then secrete a substance which hardens to form their frontal filament and moult into the '''first chalimus''' stage.<ref>Bron, J. E., Sommerville, C., Jones, M., Rae, G. H (1991) '''The settlement and attachment of early stages of the salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae) on the salmon host, Salmo salar.''' J Zoology, 224:201-212</ref>
+'''Seven parasitic larval stages follow including copepod, chalimus and pre-adult'''. The larvae damage the fish’ skin by penetrating the epidermis an dermis with first their antennae followed by their cephalothoracic shield which causes separation from the basement membrane. They then secrete a substance which hardens to form their frontal filament and moult into the '''first chalimus''' stage.<ref>Bron, J. E., Sommerville, C., Jones, M., Rae, G. H (1991) '''The settlement and attachment of early stages of the salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae) on the salmon host, Salmo salar.''' ''J Zoology'', 224:201-212</ref>
 The chalimus then typically attaches to the '''dorsal or pectoral fin and anus'''. They are <4mm long and require microscopy for identification.
@@ Line 43: / Line 42: @@
 Most sea lice infections occur in '''tropical and temperate waters'''. Infection is thought to occur as the parasites rise to the shallows during the day and sink at night, thus crossing the path of the salmon migrating in the opposite direction.
-''L. salmonis'' is the exception, affecting '''Atlantic salmon in the colder waters''' of the Northern hemisphere.It also infects salmonids is Japan.
+''L. salmonis'' is the exception, affecting '''Atlantic salmon in the colder waters''' of the Northern hemisphere. It also infects salmonids is Japan.
-''C. epidemicus, C. punctatus'' and ''C. orientalis'' in '''Asia'''
+''C. orientalis'' is also found in '''Japan''' in rainbow trout. ''C. elongatus'' is the most common species in '''British waters''', ''C. teres'' and ''C. rogercresseyi'' in '''Chile''', ''C. epidemicus, C. punctatus'' and ''C. orientalis'' in '''Asia''' and ''L. pectoralis'' occurs in the north-east '''Atlantic Ocean, Balic Sea and White Sea'''.
 No significant problems appear to occur in the Southern hemisphere except for ''C. elongatus'' in '''Australia''' which originated from wild fish and is thought to have been introduced by ballast water translocated from northern Asia.
@@ Line 65: / Line 56: @@
 ==Clinical Signs==
-Infected fish have '''skin erosions, often near the head'''. These often begin as '''whitish spots''', becoming open wounds in advanced disease. Erosion may be deep enough to '''expose the underlying bones'''. Secondary infection is common, which may be '''fungal if the fish is returned to freshwater'''.<ref> Hastein, T., Bergsjo, T (1976) '''The salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis as the cause of disease in farmed salmonids'''. Revista Italiana Piscicoltura e Ittiopatologia, II:3-5</ref> Erosion of the eyes can lead to '''corneal ulceration''' and secondary infection causing blindness and cataract formation. The '''fins may also be damaged''' by the parasites and the body is often covered in mucus. Malaise and interference with feeding behaviour lead to '''loss of condition and anorexia.'''
+Infected fish have '''skin erosions, often near the head'''. These often begin as '''whitish spots''', becoming open wounds in advanced disease. Erosion may be deep enough to '''expose the underlying bones'''. Secondary infection is common, which may be '''fungal if the fish is returned to freshwater'''.<ref> Hastein, T., Bergsjo, T (1976) '''The salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis as the cause of disease in farmed salmonids'''. ''Revista Italiana Piscicoltura e Ittiopatologia'', II:3-5</ref> Erosion of the eyes can lead to '''corneal ulceration''' and secondary infection causing blindness and cataract formation. The '''fins may also be damaged''' by the parasites and the body is often covered in mucus. Malaise and interference with feeding behaviour lead to '''loss of condition and anorexia.'''
 Even when not feeding, the presence of the parasites is '''stressful''' to the fish and therefore reduces condition and productivity/breeding performance.
-'''Mortalities''' can be significant in heavily infected fish. The prinicipal cause is thought to be '''osmoregulatory failure due to extensive skin damage'''. Osmotic balance is also affected when '''anaemia results from a large parasite burden.'''
+'''Mortalities''' can be significant in heavily infected fish. The principal cause is thought to be '''osmoregulatory failure due to extensive skin damage'''. Osmotic balance is also affected when '''anaemia results from a large parasite burden.'''
 ==Diagnosis==
@@ Line 82: / Line 73: @@
 '''Biological control''' has also been investigated, in a search for feeder species such as '''wrasse''' which may decrease louse numbers.
-Management improvements are also imperative, and an '''all-in-all-out system''' is ideal.
+Management improvements are imperative, and an '''all-in-all-out system''' is ideal.
 '''Selective breeding''' from resistant breeds is also advised but difficult.
@@ Line 97: / Line 88: @@
 Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Caligoidae datasheet''', accessed 11/07/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
 [[Category:Crustacea]]
-[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]
+[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 }}
 [[File:Male female sea lice.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Male and female sea lice. Wikimedia Commons]]
 [[File:Sea lice on salmon.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Sea lice on a salmon. Wikimedia Commons]]
-*Economic importance to the fish farming industries
+Sea lice are '''parasites of the Caligidae family of arthropods''' and are among the most '''notorious pests''' affecting cultured marine fish. They have a particularly large impact upon salmonid fish production. The parasites '''feed on blood''' from their hosts, causing significant superficial damage and consequent impact upon circulatory volume.
-*''Lepeophtheirus'' is found only in the Northern hemisphere
+The lice are brown-red in colour, have 5 pairs of legs and the female is considerably larger than the male (10mm and 6mm respectively) with a long egg sac. 3 leg pairs are for swimming and the other two adapted for eating.
-*''Caligus'' is found worldwide
+==Lifecycle==
-'''Recognition'''
+'''Seven parasitic larval stages follow including copepod, chalimus and pre-adult'''. The larvae damage the fish’ skin by penetrating the epidermis an dermis with first their antennae followed by their cephalothoracic shield which causes separation from the basement membrane. They then secrete a substance which hardens to form their frontal filament and moult into the '''first chalimus''' stage.<ref>Bron, J. E., Sommerville, C., Jones, M., Rae, G. H (1991) '''The settlement and attachment of early stages of the salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae) on the salmon host, Salmo salar.''' J Zoology, 224:201-212</ref>
-*Males measure 6mm in length
+The chalimus then typically attaches to the '''dorsal or pectoral fin and anus'''. They are <4mm long and require microscopy for identification.
-*Females measure 1cm long
+'''Pre-adult and adult''' stages move freely over their hosts and can also move between hosts. They attach by '''suction''' generated by their cephalothorax.
-*5 pairs of legs
+Dependent on temperature, the life cycle can take '''3 weeks to 4 months''' to complete. Adults then live for up to three weeks.
-*Brown to red in colour
+==Distribution==
-*Similar in appearance to the horse shoe crab
+''L. salmonis'' is the exception, affecting '''Atlantic salmon in the colder waters''' of the Northern hemisphere.It also infects salmonids is Japan.
-'''Life Cycle'''
+''C. orientalis'' is also found in '''Japan''' in rainbow trout
-*2 non-parasitic larval stages
+''C. elongatus'' is the most common species in '''British waters'''
-*7 parasitic larval stages (nauplius)
+''C. teres'' and ''C. rogercresseyi'' in '''Chile'''
-*Life cycle takes 3 weeks to 4 months depending on temperature
+''C. epidemicus, C. punctatus'' and ''C. orientalis'' in '''Asia'''
-'''Epidemiology'''
+''L. pectoralis'' occurs in the north-east '''Atlantic Ocean, Balic Sea and White Sea'''
-*Most wild salmonids migrate to the sea for part of their life cycle
+No significant problems appear to occur in the Southern hemisphere except for ''C. elongatus'' in '''Australia''' which originated from wild fish and is thought to have been introduced by ballast water translocated from northern Asia.
-*Sealice numbers are low on wild salmonids (adults only)
+==Signalment==
-*Sealice numbers are high on farmed salmonids (larvae and adults)
+''L. pectoralis'' affects pleuronectids (flatfish) such as plaice and flounder.
-'''Pathogenesis'''
+Many factors including breed, location and immune status will affect susceptibility to sea lice.
-*Mouth tube of toothed ridges abrades fish epidermis
+==Clinical Signs==
-*Heavy infections leads to:
+Even when not feeding, the presence of the parasites is '''stressful''' to the fish and therefore reduces condition and productivity/breeding performance.
-'''Control'''
+'''Mortalities''' can be significant in heavily infected fish. The prinicipal cause is thought to be '''osmoregulatory failure due to extensive skin damage'''. Osmotic balance is also affected when '''anaemia results from a large parasite burden.'''
-*Hidden antigen vaccine
+==Diagnosis==
-*Wrasse which feed on sealice
+==Treatment==
-*Management improvements
+==Control==
-**E.g. ''All in, all out'' and 6 week fallowing
+'''[[Ectoparasiticides]]''' can also be used prophylactically.
-*Stock selection
+'''Biological control''' has also been investigated, in a search for feeder species such as '''wrasse''' which may decrease louse numbers.
-==Test Yourself with the Mites Flashcards==
+Management improvements are also imperative, and an '''all-in-all-out system''' is ideal.
 [[Crustacea_Flashcards_-_WikiBugs|Crustacea Flashcards]]
 [[Category:Crustacea]]
-[[Category:To_Do_-_CABI]]
+[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]