Septic Arthritis - Revision history

Bara at 18:21, 18 July 2012

2012-07-18T18:21:37Z

Bara at 12:20, 26 October 2011

2011-10-26T12:20:34Z

Bara: moved Infectious Arthritis to Septic Arthritis

2011-10-26T12:20:17Z

moved Infectious Arthritis to Septic Arthritis

Bara at 12:19, 26 October 2011

2011-10-26T12:19:49Z

HelenD at 07:59, 28 September 2011

2011-09-28T07:59:42Z

Show changes

Bara: /* In Cattle */

2011-08-04T13:12:01Z

In Cattle

Bara at 16:40, 21 March 2011

2011-03-21T16:40:08Z

Bara: Created page with "'''Bacterial arthritis''' Most common in food animals, especially young Portals of entry include: Navel and GI tract -> bacteraemia *Haematogenously -> polyarthritis **..."

2011-03-03T16:16:53Z

Created page with "*'''Bacterial arthritis''' **Most common in food animals, especially young **Portals of entry include: ***Navel and GI tract -> bacteraemia ***Haematogenously -> polyarthritis **..."

New page

*'''Bacterial arthritis'''
**Most common in food animals, especially young
**Portals of entry include:
***Navel and GI tract -> bacteraemia
***Haematogenously -> polyarthritis
***Traumatic inoculation
***Extension from bone or periarticular soft tissue

*'''Viral arthritis'''
**Progressive inflammatory and degenerative joint disease
**Synovitis with cartilage destruction
**Chronic mononuclear inflammatory reactions

===In Sheep===

*[[Retroviridae|'''Maedi visna virus''']]
*Bacterial infections mostly affects lambs except for Mycoplasmal artheritis
*[[Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae|'''''Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae''''']]

*'''''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]'''''

*[[:Category:Streptococcus species|'''''Streptococcus'' spp.''']]

*[[:Category:Staphylococcus species|'''''Staphylococci''''']]

*[[:Category:Chlamydophila species|'''''Chlamydia sp.''''']]

===In Pigs===

*[[Erysipelas - Pig|'''''Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae''''']]

*'''''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]''''' and [[:Category:Staphylococcus species|'''''Staphylococci''''']]

*'''''[[Haemophilus suis]]'' and ''[[Haemophilus parasuis]]'''''

*'''''[[Mycoplasma hyosynoviae]]'' and ''M. hyorhinis'''''

===In Cattle===

*Neonatal polyarthritis by:
**[[:Category:Streptococcus species|'''''Streptococcus'' spp.''']]
***Via umbilicus
***Also involves eyes and meninges
**[[Escherichia coli|'''''Coliforms''''']]
***Localises in joints and meninges in severe non-fatal neonatal colibacillosis
***May remain as chronic arthritis in larger joints
*Infections at any age:
**'''''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]'''''
***Suppurative arthrtis
***Often due to pebetrating wound into or close to joints
**[[:Category:Mycoplasmas|'''''Mycoplasma spp.''''']]
***May be respinsible for some chronic cases but difficult to prove as hard to isolate
***Fibrinous polyarthritis
**[[:Category:Chlamydophila species|'''''Chlamydia sp.''''']]
***Severe disease in young calves
***High mortality
***Can be seen in smears of synovial fluid from swollen joints
***Oedematous and hyperaemic surrounding tissue
***Possibly due to intrauterine infection
**'''''[[Brucella abortus]]'''''
***Uncommonly localises in joints
***Usually in '''carpal bursitis (hygroma) in cattle and bursitis in horses'''

===In Horses===

*Arthritis can occur following neonatal infections by:
**'''''[[Actinobacillus equuli]]'''''
**[[:Category:Streptococcus species|'''''Streptococcus'' spp.''']]
**[[Escherichia coli|'''''Coliforms''''']]
**[[Salmonella|'''''Salmonella''''']]

===In Goats===

*[[Caprine Arthrirtis Encephalitis Virus]]

===In Dogs===

*[[:Category:Staphylococcus species|'''''Staphylococci''''']]
**May cause '''discospondylitis'''
**Destructive inflammatory lesion
**Bacterial localise in ''[[Joints - Anatomy & Physiology#Fibrocartilagenous joints|''annulus fibrosis'']] -> may spread to local bone

[[Category:Arthritis]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 Also known as: '''''Infectious Arthritis'''''
@@ Line 103: / Line 104: @@
 {{review}}
 [[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Dog]]
 [[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Cat]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:20, 26 October 2011
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	Also known as: '''''~~Septic~~ Arthritis'''''	+	Also known as: '''''Infectious Arthritis'''''

	==Introduction==		==Introduction==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ==Introduction==
-Infectious arthritis describes the presence in joints of a bacterial, viral or fungal infection.
+Infectious arthritis describes the presence in joints of a bacterial, viral or fungal infection. This leads to '''cartilage damage''' due to the release of enzymes, the accumulation of fibrin, white blood cells and organisms. There may be the formation of pannus, which is a granulation tissue overgrowth of the cartilage surface, and a loss of glycosaminoglycans which protect the cartilage.
 '''Bacterial arthritis''' occurs most commonly in food animals, especially young animals, in horses, and more rarely in small animals.
@@ Line 11: / Line 9: @@
 :'''Trauma''': from a penetrating wound, a bite
 :'''Extension''': from adjacent tissue or bone
-:'''Haematogenous''': from an umbilical infection, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, endocarditis, dermatitis, periodontal disease, discospondylitis
+:'''Haematogenous''': from an umbilical infection, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, [[endocarditis]], dermatitis, [[Periodontal Disease|periodontal disease]], discospondylitis
 :'''Iatrogenic''': joint injection or surgery
 ==Species Differences==
-===In Sheep===
+'''Sheep'''
-[[Retroviridae|'''Maedi visna virus''']]
+*[[Retroviridae|'''Maedi visna virus''']]
-Bacterial infections mostly affects lambs except for Mycoplasmal artheritis
+'''Pigs'''
-[[Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae|'''''Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae''''']]
+'''Cattle'''
+*Neonatal polyarthritis by:
 :[[:Category:Streptococcus species|'''''Streptococcus'' spp.''']]: via the umbilicus and also involves eyes and meninges
 :[[Escherichia coli|'''''Coliforms''''']]: Localise in joints and meninges in severe non-fatal neonatal colibacillosis. The infection may remain as chronic arthritis in larger joints.
+*Infections at any age:
 :'''''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]''''': suppurative arthrtis, often due to a penetrating wound into or close to joints
 :[[:Category:Mycoplasmas|'''''Mycoplasma spp.''''']]: may be responsible for some chronic cases but difficult to prove as hard to isolate, leads to a fibrinous polyarthritis
@@ Line 51: / Line 39: @@
 :'''''[[Brucella abortus]]''''': uncommonly localises in joints but can occur in '''carpal bursitis ([[hygroma]]) in cattle and bursitis in horses'''.
-===In Horses===
+'''Horses'''
-Arthritis can occur following neonatal infections by:
+*Arthritis can occur following neonatal infections by:
 :'''''[[Actinobacillus equuli]]'''''
 :[[:Category:Streptococcus species|'''''Streptococcus'' spp.''']]
@@ Line 58: / Line 46: @@
 :[[Salmonella|'''''Salmonella''''']]
-===In Goats===
+'''Goats'''
-[[Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus]]
+*[[Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus]]
-'''''[[Escherichia coli]]'''''
+'''Dogs'''
 ==Clinical Signs==
-Infectious arthritis usually present as a '''shifting lameness''' in one or more joints.
+Infectious arthritis usually presents as a '''shifting lameness''' in one or more joints.
 There will be '''joint effusion, heat, periarticular swelling''', and there may be '''systemic signs''' such as fever, depression, anorexia and lymphadenopathy.
@@ Line 80: / Line 65: @@
 ==Diagnosis==
-The diagnosis is made on the basis of the clinical signs and the results of synovial fluid examination.
+The diagnosis is made on the basis of the clinical signs and the results of synovial fluid examination. The '''synovial fluid''' should be collected before administering antibiotics.
 '''Culture and sensitivity''' in aerobic and anaerobic media should be performed though up to 50% of cultures will yield false-negative results. Inoculating the fluid into '''blood culture medium''' and then blood agar increases the chances of obtaining a positive result.
@@ Line 92: / Line 75: @@
 '''Radiography''' can help in the diagnosis and is essential in providing a baseline of joint anatomy to evaluate any changes that might occur down the line.
-'''Contrast radiography''' may help in horses to determine if a joint has been entered by a penetrating foreign body.
+[[Contrast Radiography#Contrast Studies in Horses|'''Contrast radiography''']] may help in horses to determine if a joint has been entered by a penetrating foreign body.
 ==Treatment==
-'''Antibiotics''' should be administered for a minimum of 4-6 weeks, initially broad spectrum and then depending on culture and sensitivity results.
+'''[[Antibiotics]]''' should be administered for a minimum of 4-6 weeks, initially broad spectrum and then depending on culture and sensitivity results.
 '''Drainage and flushing''' is mandatory. Usually open drainage is performed via an arthrotomy. This allows debridement and lavage with high volumes of isotonic fluid.
@@ Line 105: / Line 88: @@
 Exercise should be restricted for 3-4 months.
-'''NSAIDs''' can be administered for pain, corticosteroids are contraindicated in cases of infection.
+'''[[NSAIDs]]''' can be administered for pain, corticosteroids are contraindicated in cases of infection.
 Chronic cases with irreversible bony damage may require '''salvage surgery''' such as arthrodesis, excision arthroplasty or amputation, especially if the pain is uncontrollable.
@@ Line 118: / Line 101: @@
 Merck and Co (2008) '''Merck Veterinary Manual''' ''Merial''
 [[Category:Arthritis]]

← Older revision	Revision as of 12:20, 26 October 2011
(No difference)

@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
 **'''''[[Brucella abortus]]'''''
 ***Uncommonly localises in joints
-***Usually in '''carpal bursitis (hygroma) in cattle and bursitis in horses'''
+***Usually in '''carpal bursitis ([[hygroma]]) in cattle and bursitis in horses'''
 ===In Horses===

@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 ===In Goats===
-*[[Caprine Arthrirtis Encephalitis Virus]]
+*[[Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus]]
 ===In Dogs===