Somite Development - Anatomy & Physiology - Revision history

Bara at 19:05, 28 June 2012

2012-06-28T19:05:39Z

Bara at 19:32, 8 February 2011

2011-02-08T19:32:45Z

Eca02csb at 17:35, 25 January 2011

2011-01-25T17:35:46Z

Eca02csb at 17:34, 25 January 2011

2011-01-25T17:34:53Z

Eca02csb at 17:28, 25 January 2011

2011-01-25T17:28:52Z

Eca02csb at 17:06, 25 January 2011

2011-01-25T17:06:26Z

Eca02csb at 16:58, 25 January 2011

2011-01-25T16:58:48Z

Bara at 16:48, 6 January 2011

2011-01-06T16:48:31Z

Bara: /* Somites XI Onward */

2010-12-30T14:54:27Z

Somites XI Onward

Bara: moved Developmental Biology - Somite Development - Anatomy & Physiology to Somite Development - Anatomy & Physiology

2010-09-10T15:01:30Z

moved Developmental Biology - Somite Development - Anatomy & Physiology to Somite Development - Anatomy & Physiology

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 ==Introduction==
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 The '''sclerotome''' surrounds the notochord and breaks it down. Thus far, somite development has been segmented. Cells need to be adjacent to each other to function appropriately, so the sclerotome, in the ventral part of the somite, resegments. A fissure develops in the middle of the sclerotome, dividing each somite into an anterior and posterior portion. The anterior portion of one somite unites with the posterior portion of the adjacent somite, called '''resegmentation'''. But, because only the sclerotome resegments, the [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|muscle]] derived from the myotome remains to unite the original anterior and posterior pairs together. The sclerotome surrounds the neural tube and differentiates firstly to [[Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure_and_Function_of_Cartilage|cartilage]] and secondly [[Bones - Anatomy & Physiology#Types_of_Bone|bone]]. It forms the vertebrae.
 [[Category:Developmental_Biology]] [[Category:A&P Done]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ==Introduction==
-In the verterbrate embryo, as the primitive streak is regressing the '''paraxial mesoderm''' divides into blocks of cells called '''somites'''. These divisions can be seen either side of the notochord. Somites are transient structures that will give rise to cells of the vertebrae and ribs, [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology#Dermis|dermis]] of the dorsum, [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Skeletal Muscle|skeletal muscle]] of the body wall, back and limbs. Somites begin to develop at the anterior of the embryo first, and appear at regular intervals.
+In the verterbrate embryo, as the primitive streak is regressing, the '''paraxial mesoderm''' divides into blocks of cells called '''somites'''. These divisions can be seen either side of the notochord. Somites are transient structures that will give rise to cells of the vertebrae and ribs, [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology#Dermis|dermis]] of the dorsum, [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Skeletal Muscle|skeletal muscle]] of the body wall, back and limbs. Somites begin to develop at the anterior of the embryo first, and appear at regular intervals.
 == Somitogenesis ==
-'''Somitogenesis '''is'''&nbsp;'''the formation of somites. The '''paraxial mesoderm'''&nbsp;is formed during [[Gastrulation - Anatomy & Physiology|gastrulation]]&nbsp;and it&nbsp;forms a mesenchymal '''pre - somitic mesoderm''' tissue starting at the anterior and moving posteriorly.&nbsp;At the anterior, the pre - somitic mesoderm becomes organsised into blocks of cells called '''somitomeres'''.&nbsp;Somitomeres are compacted and cells undergo a mesenchymal to epithelial transition. These somitomeres then separate from the rest of the pre - somitic mesoderm to from '''somites'''.&nbsp;As somites "bud off" at the anterior, more pre - somitic mesoderm develops posteriorly. Thus, the total length of the pre - somitic mesoderm remains constant.&nbsp;Pre - somitic mesoderm forms somites at regular intervals; one forms every 90 minutes.&nbsp;This suggests that cells have an intrinsic clock, goverened by the expression of a gene called "hairy".&nbsp;"Hairy" is expressed for 90 minutes at a time, and 12 cycles of 90 minutes each are required to make a somite.&nbsp;Somites are named beginning with the most newly formed somite. Therefore, the greater the number of the somite, the older the and closer to the anterior of the embryo it is.&nbsp;As cycle one of somite one ends, cycle one of somite two begins; one somite forms every minute.
+'''Somitogenesis '''is''' the formation of somites. The '''paraxial mesoderm''' is formed during [[Gastrulation - Anatomy & Physiology|gastrulation]] and it forms a mesenchymal '''pre - somitic mesoderm''' tissue starting at the anterior and moving posteriorly. At the anterior, the pre - somitic mesoderm becomes organised into blocks of cells called '''somitomeres'''. Somitomeres are compacted and cells undergo a mesenchymal to epithelial transition. These somitomeres then separate from the rest of the pre - somitic mesoderm to from '''somites'''. As somites "bud off" at the anterior, more pre - somitic mesoderm develops posteriorly. Thus, the total length of the pre - somitic mesoderm remains constant. Pre - somitic mesoderm forms somites at regular intervals; one forms every 90 minutes. This suggests that cells have an intrinsic clock, governed by the expression of a gene called "hairy". "Hairy" is expressed for 90 minutes at a time, and 12 cycles of 90 minutes each are required to make a somite. Somites are named beginning with the most newly formed somite. Therefore, the greater the number of the somite, the older and closer to the anterior of the embryo it is. As cycle one of somite one ends, cycle one of somite two begins; one somite forms every minute.
 == Somite Maturation  ==
@@ Line 14: / Line 12: @@
 === Somites I - III  ===
-These are the most newly formed somites, and are therefore at the posterior of the embryo.&nbsp;Somites are simple at this stage, with epithelial cells surrounding an inner cavity that is filled with mesenchymal pre - somitic mesoderm cells. These cells are called '''somitocoel cells'''.&nbsp;All cells are undergoing mitosis.
+These are the most newly formed somites, and are therefore at the posterior of the embryo. Somites are simple at this stage, with epithelial cells surrounding an inner cavity that is filled with mesenchymal pre - somitic mesoderm cells. These cells are called '''somitocoel cells'''. All cells are undergoing mitosis.
 === Somites IV - X  ===
-Epithelial cells on the ''dorsal'' aspect of the somite develop into the '''dermomyotome '''and epithelial cells of the ''ventral - medial'' portion of the somites develop into the '''sclerotome'''.&nbsp;
+Epithelial cells on the ''dorsal'' aspect of the somite develop into the '''dermomyotome '''and epithelial cells of the ''ventral - medial'' portion of the somites develop into the '''sclerotome'''.
-Cells undergo an epithelial to '''mesenchymal transition''' and '''somitocoel cells''' join these new mesenchymal cells to also become part of the sclerotome.&nbsp;The prospective sclerotome migrates to surround the notochord and neural tube.&nbsp;The scelerotome needs to be at the midline to form the vertebrae.
+Cells undergo an epithelial to '''mesenchymal transition''' and '''somitocoel cells''' join these new mesenchymal cells to also become part of the sclerotome. The prospective sclerotome migrates to surround the notochord and neural tube. The scelerotome needs to be at the midline to form the vertebrae.
 === Somites VI Onward  ===
-At the dorsal aspect of the somite, some cells of the '''dermomyotome'''are ingressing to form a new layer between the dermomytome and sclerotome the '''myotome'''. Ingression occurs at two points; ventro - laterally and dorso - medially. '''Ventro - lateral ingression''' develops into '''hypaxial [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|Muscles - Anatomy &amp; Physiology]]''' forming the [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|muscle]] of the body and limb. '''Dorso - medial ingression'''develops into the '''epaxial [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|muscle]]''' forming the [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|muscles]] of the dorsum. '''Myotomal cells''' do not have the ability to undergo mitosis. To increase cell numbers, cells are recruited from the dermomyotome. After all the myotomal cells have ingressed, what remains of the dermomyotome becomes the '''dermotome'''. The dermotome, which lies dorsally in the somite, forms the [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology#Dermis|dermis]].
+At the dorsal aspect of the somite, some cells of the '''dermomyotome'''are ingressing to form a new layer between the dermomytome and sclerotome, the '''myotome'''. Ingression occurs at two points; ventro - laterally and dorso - medially. '''Ventro - lateral ingression''' develops into '''hypaxial [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|muscles]]''' forming the muscle of the body and limb. '''Dorso - medial ingression''' develops into the '''epaxial muscle''' forming the muscles of the dorsum. '''Myotomal cells''' do not have the ability to undergo mitosis. To increase cell numbers, cells are recruited from the dermomyotome. After all the myotomal cells have ingressed, what remains of the dermomyotome becomes the '''dermotome'''. The dermotome, which lies dorsally in the somite, forms the [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology#Dermis|dermis]].
 === Somites XI Onward  ===
-The '''sclerotome''' surrounds the notochord and breaks it down.&nbsp;Thus far, somite development has been segmented. Cells need to be adjacent to each other to function appropriately, so the sclerotome, in the ventral part of the somite, resegments.&nbsp;A fissure develops in the middle of the sclerotome, dividing each somite into an anterior and posterior portion.&nbsp;The anterior portion of one somite unites with the posterior portion of the adjacent somite, called&nbsp;'''resegmentation'''.&nbsp;But, because only the sclerotome resegments, the [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|muscle]] derived from the myotome remains to unite the original anterior and posterior pairs together.&nbsp;The sclerotome surrounds the neural tube and differentiates firstly to [[Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure_and_Function_of_Cartilage|cartilage]] and secondly [[Bones - Anatomy & Physiology#Types_of_Bone|bone]]. It forms the vertebrae.
+The '''sclerotome''' surrounds the notochord and breaks it down. Thus far, somite development has been segmented. Cells need to be adjacent to each other to function appropriately, so the sclerotome, in the ventral part of the somite, resegments. A fissure develops in the middle of the sclerotome, dividing each somite into an anterior and posterior portion. The anterior portion of one somite unites with the posterior portion of the adjacent somite, called '''resegmentation'''. But, because only the sclerotome resegments, the [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|muscle]] derived from the myotome remains to unite the original anterior and posterior pairs together. The sclerotome surrounds the neural tube and differentiates firstly to [[Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure_and_Function_of_Cartilage|cartilage]] and secondly [[Bones - Anatomy & Physiology#Types_of_Bone|bone]]. It forms the vertebrae.
-[[Category:Developmental_Biology]] [[Category:To_Do_- Review]]
+[[Category:Developmental_Biology]] [[Category:A&P Done]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:35, 25 January 2011
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	The '''sclerotome''' surrounds the notochord and breaks it down. Thus far, somite development has been segmented. Cells need to be adjacent to each other to function appropriately, so the sclerotome, in the ventral part of the somite, resegments. A fissure develops in the middle of the sclerotome, dividing each somite into an anterior and posterior portion. The anterior portion of one somite unites with the posterior portion of the adjacent somite, called '''resegmentation'''. But, because only the sclerotome resegments, the [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology\|muscle]] derived from the myotome remains to unite the original anterior and posterior pairs together. The sclerotome surrounds the neural tube and differentiates firstly to [[Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure_and_Function_of_Cartilage\|cartilage]] and secondly [[Bones - Anatomy & Physiology#Types_of_Bone\|bone]]. It forms the vertebrae.		The '''sclerotome''' surrounds the notochord and breaks it down. Thus far, somite development has been segmented. Cells need to be adjacent to each other to function appropriately, so the sclerotome, in the ventral part of the somite, resegments. A fissure develops in the middle of the sclerotome, dividing each somite into an anterior and posterior portion. The anterior portion of one somite unites with the posterior portion of the adjacent somite, called '''resegmentation'''. But, because only the sclerotome resegments, the [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology\|muscle]] derived from the myotome remains to unite the original anterior and posterior pairs together. The sclerotome surrounds the neural tube and differentiates firstly to [[Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure_and_Function_of_Cartilage\|cartilage]] and secondly [[Bones - Anatomy & Physiology#Types_of_Bone\|bone]]. It forms the vertebrae.

−	[[Category:Developmental_Biology]] [[Category:To_Do_-~~_A&P~~]]	+	[[Category:Developmental_Biology]] [[Category:To_Do_- Review]]

@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 === Somites VI Onward  ===
-At the dorsal aspect of the somite, some cells of the '''dermomyotome'''are ingressing to form a new layer between the dermomytome and sclerotome; the'''''<i>myotome'''.&nbsp;Ingression occurs at two points; ventral - laterally and dorsal - medially.&nbsp;'''Ventral - lateral ingression'''develops into '''hypaxial [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology]]'''&nbsp;forming the&nbsp;[[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|muscle]] of the body and limb. '''Dorsal - medial ingression'''develops into the '''epaxial '</i>'''[[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|muscle]]&nbsp;'''forming&nbsp;the [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|muscles]] of the dorsum.&nbsp;'''Myotomal cells''' do not have the ability to undergo mitosis. To increase cell numbers, cells are recruited from the dermomyotome.&nbsp;After all the myotomal cells have ingressed what remains of the dermomyotome becomes the '''dermotome'''.&nbsp;The dermotome, which lies dorsally in the somite, forms the [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology#Dermis|dermis]].
+At the dorsal aspect of the somite, some cells of the '''dermomyotome'''are ingressing to form a new layer between the dermomytome and sclerotome the '''myotome'''. Ingression occurs at two points; ventro - laterally and dorso - medially. '''Ventro - lateral ingression''' develops into '''hypaxial [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|Muscles - Anatomy &amp; Physiology]]''' forming the [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|muscle]] of the body and limb. '''Dorso - medial ingression'''develops into the '''epaxial [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|muscle]]''' forming the [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|muscles]] of the dorsum. '''Myotomal cells''' do not have the ability to undergo mitosis. To increase cell numbers, cells are recruited from the dermomyotome. After all the myotomal cells have ingressed, what remains of the dermomyotome becomes the '''dermotome'''. The dermotome, which lies dorsally in the somite, forms the [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology#Dermis|dermis]].
 === Somites XI Onward  ===

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 '''Somitogenesis '''is'''&nbsp;'''the formation of somites. The '''paraxial mesoderm'''&nbsp;is formed during [[Gastrulation - Anatomy & Physiology|gastrulation]]&nbsp;and it&nbsp;forms a mesenchymal '''pre - somitic mesoderm''' tissue starting at the anterior and moving posteriorly.&nbsp;At the anterior, the pre - somitic mesoderm becomes organsised into blocks of cells called '''somitomeres'''.&nbsp;Somitomeres are compacted and cells undergo a mesenchymal to epithelial transition. These somitomeres then separate from the rest of the pre - somitic mesoderm to from '''somites'''.&nbsp;As somites "bud off" at the anterior, more pre - somitic mesoderm develops posteriorly. Thus, the total length of the pre - somitic mesoderm remains constant.&nbsp;Pre - somitic mesoderm forms somites at regular intervals; one forms every 90 minutes.&nbsp;This suggests that cells have an intrinsic clock, goverened by the expression of a gene called "hairy".&nbsp;"Hairy" is expressed for 90 minutes at a time, and 12 cycles of 90 minutes each are required to make a somite.&nbsp;Somites are named beginning with the most newly formed somite. Therefore, the greater the number of the somite, the older the and closer to the anterior of the embryo it is.&nbsp;As cycle one of somite one ends, cycle one of somite two begins; one somite forms every minute.
-== Somite Maturation ==
+== Somite Maturation  ==
-Somites differentiate to produce cell types.&nbsp;'''Scelerotome'''&nbsp;develop into the axial skeleton, ribs and vertebrae whilst '''d''''''ermomyotome'''&nbsp;develop into '''myotome''' and '''dermotome'''.&nbsp;'''Myotome'''&nbsp;develop into the&nbsp;[[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Skeletal_Muscle|skeletal muscle]] of the limbs and body and '''d''''''ermotome'''&nbsp;develop into the [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology#Dermis|dermis]].&nbsp;Somites develop in an identical manner, although those at the posterior develop after those at the anterior.&nbsp;Somitic derivatives form according to the somite's position along the anterior - posterior axis.&nbsp;Formation of sclerotome, myotome and dermotome is not intrinsic, but governed by '''environmental signals'''.&nbsp;However, positional information is '''predetermined and intrinsic''' to the somite. Positional information is important to form the appropriate type of vertebrae, [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|muscle]] and [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology|skin]] along the anterior - posterior axis.&nbsp;Positional information is governed by '''HOX gene expression'''. Each somite expresses a unique number of HOX genes.&nbsp;The chick has 12 somites and here is an example''s of somite maturation as observed along the anterior - posterior axis of the chick embryo:''
+Somites differentiate to produce certain cell types. '''Scelerotome''' develop into the axial skeleton, ribs and vertebrae whilst '''dermomyotome''' develop into '''myotome'''and '''dermotome'''. '''Myotome''' develop into the [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Skeletal_Muscle|skeletal muscle]] of the limbs and body and '''dermotome''' develop into the [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology#Dermis|dermis]]. Somites develop in an identical manner, although those at the posterior develop after those at the anterior. Somitic derivatives form according to the somite's position along the anterior - posterior axis. Formation of sclerotome, myotome and dermotome is not intrinsic, but governed by '''environmental signals'''. However, positional information is '''predetermined and intrinsic''' to the somite. Positional information is important to form the appropriate type of vertebrae, [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|muscle]] and [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology|skin]] along the anterior - posterior axis. Positional information is governed by '''HOX gene expression'''. Each somite expresses a unique number of HOX genes. The chick has 12 somites and here is an example of somite maturation as observed along the anterior - posterior axis of the chick embryo:
-=== Somites I - III ===
+=== Somites I - III  ===
 These are the most newly formed somites, and are therefore at the posterior of the embryo.&nbsp;Somites are simple at this stage, with epithelial cells surrounding an inner cavity that is filled with mesenchymal pre - somitic mesoderm cells. These cells are called '''somitocoel cells'''.&nbsp;All cells are undergoing mitosis.
-=== Somites IV - X ===
+=== Somites IV - X  ===
 Epithelial cells on the ''dorsal'' aspect of the somite develop into the '''dermomyotome '''and epithelial cells of the ''ventral - medial'' portion of the somites develop into the '''sclerotome'''.&nbsp;
 Cells undergo an epithelial to '''mesenchymal transition''' and '''somitocoel cells''' join these new mesenchymal cells to also become part of the sclerotome.&nbsp;The prospective sclerotome migrates to surround the notochord and neural tube.&nbsp;The scelerotome needs to be at the midline to form the vertebrae.
-=== Somites VI Onward ===
+=== Somites VI Onward  ===
-At the dorsal aspect of the somite, some cells of the '''dermomyotome''' are ingressing to form a new layer between the dermomytome and sclerotome; the '''myotome'''.&nbsp;Ingression occurs at two points; ventral - laterally and dorsal - medially.&nbsp;'''Ventral - lateral ingression''' develops into '''hypaxial '''[[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|'''muscle''']]&nbsp;forming the&nbsp;[[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|muscle]] of the body and limb. '''Dorsal - medial ingression''' develops into the '''epaxial ''''''[[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|muscle]]&nbsp;'''forming&nbsp;the [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|muscles]] of the dorsum.&nbsp;'''Myotomal cells''' do not have the ability to undergo mitosis. To increase cell numbers, cells are recruited from the dermomyotome.&nbsp;After all the myotomal cells have ingressed what remains of the dermomyotome becomes the '''dermotome'''.&nbsp;The dermotome, which lies dorsally in the somite, forms the [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology#Dermis|dermis]].
+At the dorsal aspect of the somite, some cells of the '''dermomyotome'''are ingressing to form a new layer between the dermomytome and sclerotome; the'''''<i>myotome'''.&nbsp;Ingression occurs at two points; ventral - laterally and dorsal - medially.&nbsp;'''Ventral - lateral ingression'''develops into '''hypaxial [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology]]'''&nbsp;forming the&nbsp;[[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|muscle]] of the body and limb. '''Dorsal - medial ingression'''develops into the '''epaxial '</i>'''[[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|muscle]]&nbsp;'''forming&nbsp;the [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|muscles]] of the dorsum.&nbsp;'''Myotomal cells''' do not have the ability to undergo mitosis. To increase cell numbers, cells are recruited from the dermomyotome.&nbsp;After all the myotomal cells have ingressed what remains of the dermomyotome becomes the '''dermotome'''.&nbsp;The dermotome, which lies dorsally in the somite, forms the [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology#Dermis|dermis]].
-=== Somites XI Onward ===
+=== Somites XI Onward  ===
 The '''sclerotome''' surrounds the notochord and breaks it down.&nbsp;Thus far, somite development has been segmented. Cells need to be adjacent to each other to function appropriately, so the sclerotome, in the ventral part of the somite, resegments.&nbsp;A fissure develops in the middle of the sclerotome, dividing each somite into an anterior and posterior portion.&nbsp;The anterior portion of one somite unites with the posterior portion of the adjacent somite, called&nbsp;'''resegmentation'''.&nbsp;But, because only the sclerotome resegments, the [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|muscle]] derived from the myotome remains to unite the original anterior and posterior pairs together.&nbsp;The sclerotome surrounds the neural tube and differentiates firstly to [[Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure_and_Function_of_Cartilage|cartilage]] and secondly [[Bones - Anatomy & Physiology#Types_of_Bone|bone]]. It forms the vertebrae.
 [[Category:Developmental_Biology]] [[Category:To_Do_-_A&P]]

@@ Line 65: / Line 65: @@
 #The anterior portion of one somite unites with the posterior portion of the adjacent somite - '''resegmentation'''.
 #*But; because only the sclerotome resegments, the [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|muscle]] derived from the myotome remains to unite the original anterior and posterior pairs together.
-#The sclerotome surrounds the neural tube and differentiates firstly to [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure and Function of Cartilage|cartilage]] and secondly [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Types of Bone|bone]]. It forms the vertebrae.
+#The sclerotome surrounds the neural tube and differentiates firstly to [[Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure and Function of Cartilage|cartilage]] and secondly [[Bones - Anatomy & Physiology#Types of Bone|bone]]. It forms the vertebrae.
 [[Category:Developmental Biology]][[Category:To Do - A&P]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:54, 30 December 2010
Line 67:		Line 67:
	#The sclerotome surrounds the neural tube and differentiates firstly to [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure and Function of Cartilage\|cartilage]] and secondly [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Types of Bone\|bone]]. It forms the vertebrae.		#The sclerotome surrounds the neural tube and differentiates firstly to [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure and Function of Cartilage\|cartilage]] and secondly [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Types of Bone\|bone]]. It forms the vertebrae.

−	[[Category:Developmental Biology]]	+	[[Category:Developmental Biology]][[Category:To Do - A&P]]

← Older revision	Revision as of 15:01, 10 September 2010
(No difference)