Squamous Cell Carcinoma - Revision history

Michuang0720 at 10:05, 25 June 2016

2016-06-25T10:05:53Z

Bara at 21:28, 26 September 2012

2012-09-26T21:28:20Z

Bara: /* Prevention */

2012-09-26T21:26:22Z

Prevention

Bara at 18:33, 18 July 2012

2012-07-18T18:33:16Z

Bara: /* Prognosis */

2011-09-23T16:45:35Z

Prognosis

Bara: /* Prognosis */

2011-09-23T16:39:27Z

Prognosis

Bara: /* Prognosis */

2011-09-23T16:39:01Z

Prognosis

Bara at 16:38, 23 September 2011

2011-09-23T16:38:39Z

Siobhanbrade at 14:21, 16 August 2011

2011-08-16T14:21:03Z

Bara: /* References */

2011-08-15T16:57:56Z

References

@@ Line 66: / Line 66: @@
 {{Learning
 |flashcards = [[Cytology Q&A 14]]
 }}

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 {{Mansonchapter
 |chapterlink = http://www.mansonpublishing.co.uk/book-images/9781840760491_sample.pdf
-|chaptername = Ringworm
+|chaptername = Squamous Cell Carcinoma
 |book = Sheep Medicine
 |author = Philip R. Scott

@@ Line 67: / Line 67: @@
 {{Learning
 |flashcards = [[Cytology Q&A 14]]
 }}

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 Also Known As: '''''SCC'''''
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 {{review}}
 [[Category:Nasal Cavity - Hyperplastic/Neoplastic Pathology]]

@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 ==Prognosis==
 [[Image:cowpap1.gif|right|thumb|100px|<center>'''Papilloma and SCC of Epiglottis''' (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))</center>]]
-The '''smaller''' the tumour is identification, the better the chance of successful removal and a '''good prognosis'''. As mentioned, these tumours are often locally invasive but '''slow to metastasise''', however the level of malignancy and therefore prognosis is often related to the '''location''' of the neoplasm. Those arising over the '''tonsil''' (squamous carcinoma of the tonsil or tonsillar carcinoma) are '''very malignant''', invading adjacent tissues and metastasising early. Squamous carcinomas of the '''tongue''' (especially in '''cats''') can also behave in a '''very malignant''' fashion. Those at more '''rostral''' sites, e.g. on the incisor gingivae, are '''less likely to metastasize''' early although they may be locally aggressive. They should be staged according to the '''World Health Organisation (WHO) system'''.
+The '''smaller''' the tumour is identification, the better the chance of successful removal and a '''good prognosis'''. As mentioned, these tumours are often locally invasive but '''slow to metastasise''', however the level of malignancy and therefore prognosis is often related to the '''location''' of the neoplasm. Those arising over the '''tonsil''' (squamous carcinoma of the tonsil or tonsillar carcinoma) are '''very malignant''', invading adjacent tissues and metastasising early. Squamous carcinomas of the '''tongue''' (especially in '''cats''') can also behave in a '''very malignant''' fashion. Those at more '''rostral''' sites, e.g. on the incisor gingivae, are '''less likely to metastasize''' early although they may be locally aggressive. They should be [[Neoplasia - Pathology#Tumour Grading and Staging|staged]] according to the '''World Health Organisation (WHO) system'''.
 ==Prevention==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 Also Known As: '''''SCC'''''
-=Introduction=
+==Introduction==
 [[Image:oral squamous cell carcinoma.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<center>'''Oral squamous cell carcinoma'''. Courtesy of T. Scase</center>]]
 '''Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC)''' are '''malignant''' tumours commonly seen in the cat, dog, horse and cow. They are most likely to develop in '''non-pigmented areas''' of the skin as there is a known association between their development and exposure to '''UV light'''. The tumours are normally '''slow to metastasize''' but may be locally invasive.
@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 Histologially, the tumours are formed from '''epidermal cells''' with varying degrees of '''squamous cell differentiation'''.
-==Cat==
+===Cat===
 [[File:Feline actinic SCC.JPG|thumb|150px|right|'''Cat with actinic keratoses and eyelid SCC''' (Wikimedia Commons)]]
-'''Cutaneous''' squamous cell carcinomas are common in '''white cats''', especially on the '''tips of the pinnae''', '''nasal planum''' and '''eyelid'''. '''Multiple''' tumours may develop '''simultaneously''' as the tissue has been exposed to the same level of ultraviolet damage. Often the appearance of '''acinitic keratosis''' precedes the appearance of the tumour. The lesions are normally '''crusted''', '''ulcerative''' and '''progress''' over time. They may begin very small and they are commonly mistaken for cat scratches, therefore it is essential that any 'scratch' that fail to heal is treated with suspicion and '''biopsied'''. Ideal treatment is radical '''excision'''. In the case of pinna SCC's, pinnectomy is indicated.
+'''Cutaneous''' squamous cell carcinomas are common in '''white cats''', especially on the '''tips of the pinnae''', '''nasal planum''' and '''eyelid'''. '''Multiple''' tumours may develop '''simultaneously''' as the tissue has been exposed to the same level of ultraviolet damage. Often the appearance of '''acinitic keratosis''' precedes the appearance of the tumour. The lesions are normally '''crusted''', '''ulcerative''' and '''progress''' over time. They may begin very small and are commonly mistaken for cat scratches, therefore it is essential that any 'scratch' that fail to heal is treated with suspicion and '''biopsied'''. Ideal treatment is radical '''excision'''. In the case of pinna SCC's, pinnectomy is indicated.
 SCC of the '''nasal cavity''' are reported. These normally originate from the nasal '''vestibule''' and cause clinical signs associated with airway obstruction and tissue necrosis.
@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 Squamous cell carcinomas of the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] are most notably seen in the cat, where the tumour tends to '''infiltrate''' around the oesophageal wall resulting in a “'''ring carcinoma'''”. The affected cat has progressive '''difficulty in eating''' and [[Deglutition|swallowing]]. Oesophageal SCC forms part of [[Upper Alimentary Tract Carcinoma Complex|upper alimentary tract carcinoma complex]].
-==Dog==
+===Dog===
 '''Cutaneous''' SCC's are common in '''white breeds''' of dog such as the Boxer, Dalmation and English Bull Terrier.
-==Horse==
+===Horse===
 '''Cutaneous''' SCC's are the second most common neoplasms in the horse. Contact with '''penile smegma''' is thought to be an a predisposing cause. They are most commonly located in the '''penile''' or '''clitoral''' regions and on '''non-pigmented''' skin. Lesions are '''progressive''' and potentially '''locally invasive'''. They may be '''ulcerative''' or '''proliferative''' and '''secondary infection''' is often present, producing a foul odour.  Complete '''surgical excision''' is the gold standard treatment, but '''adjuncts''' may be required. Masses located around the eye may need prompt specialist treatment to save the eye.
-SCC of the '''stomach''' is the most common gastric tumour in the horse. It has the appearance of a large '''cauliflower-like mass''' and affects the '''pars oesophagea'''. It metastasises and spreads and '''transcoelomically'''.
+SCC of the '''stomach''' is the most common gastric tumour in the horse. It has the appearance of a large '''cauliflower-like mass''' and affects the '''pars oesophagea'''. It metastasises and spreads '''transcoelomically'''.
 Rarely SCC can form in the '''nasal cavity''' of the horse. These originate from the '''maxillary sinus''' and cause '''facial distortion''', '''tissue necrosis'''  and '''airway obstruction'''. A '''serosanginous''' or '''mucopurulent''', '''odorous nasal discharge''' may be present.
-==Cow==
+===Cow===
 As mentioned, squamous cell carcinomas are most likely to develop on '''non-pigmented areas of skin''' such as the '''eyelids'''. Additionally, there is thought to be an association between the '''ingestion of bracken fern carcinogens''' and the '''malignant transformation of papillomas''' to squamous cell carcinomas in cattle.
@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 Squamous cell carcinomas of the [[Oropharynx - Anatomy & Physiology|oropharynx]] in cattle are commonly seen as part of an [[Upper Alimentary Tract Carcinoma Complex|upper alimentary tract carcinoma complex]].
-=Diagnosis=
+==Diagnosis==
-[[File:Well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.jpg|thumb|right|150px|'''Well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma''' (Wikimedia Commons)]]
+[[File:Well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.jpg|thumb|right|200px|'''Well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma''' (Wikimedia Commons)]]
 FNA's should be performed as a first line diagnostic test on any suspicious mass. '''Cytology''' may show:
 * Pleomorphic epithelial cells - these have a variable appearance from benign keratinized mature squames to epithelial cells with anisocytosis, basophilic cytoplasm and extensive vacuolation.
 * Binucleate cells, chromatin clumping and prominent nucleoli may be present
 A '''biopsy''' should always be performed to confirm diagnosis.
 '''Histopathological''' examination of a biopsy of the mass should reveal:
@@ Line 54: / Line 52: @@
 * Central necrosis accompanied by high neutrophil numbers
-=Treatment=
+==Treatment==
 Dependant on the site of neoplasia, treatment may involve '''debaulking/complete excisional surgery''', '''radiotherapy''', '''cryosurgery''', '''photodynamic therapy''' and '''hyperthermia'''. However '''complete surgical excision is the ideal'''.
 Although the metastatic rate of these tumours is normally slow, '''screening''' should be performed prior to the start of treatment. This involves '''radiography of the thorax''' and '''fine needle aspiration of local lymph nodes'''.
-=Prognosis=
+==Prognosis==
-[[Image:cowpap1.gif|right|thumb|150px|<center>'''Papilloma and SCC of Epiglottis''' (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))</center>]]
+[[Image:cowpap1.gif|right|thumb|200px|<center>'''Papilloma and SCC of Epiglottis''' (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))</center>]]
 The '''smaller''' the tumour is identification, the better the chance of successful removal and a '''good prognosis'''. As mentioned, these tumours are often locally invasive but '''slow to metastasise''', however the level of malignancy and therefore prognosis is often related to the '''location''' of the neoplasm. Those arising over the '''tonsil''' (squamous carcinoma of the tonsil or tonsillar carcinoma) are '''very malignant''', invading adjacent tissues and metastasising early. Squamous carcinomas of the '''tongue''' (especially in '''cats''') can also behave in a '''very malignant''' fashion. Those at more '''rostral''' sites, e.g. on the incisor gingivae, are '''less likely to metastasize''' early although they may be locally aggressive. They should be staged according to the '''World Health Organisation (WHO) system'''.
-=Prevention=
+==Prevention==
 Squamous cell carcinomas can be prevented by '''protecting the skin from ultraviolet light'''. This may be achieved using '''sunblocks''' or by keeping the animals '''indoors''' or in the '''shade'''. This is rarely practicable.
@@ Line 70: / Line 68: @@
 }}
-=References=
+==References==
 Bond, Hendricks, Loeffler (2009) '''Veterinary Dermatology''' RVC Intergrated BVetMed Course, ''Royal Veterinary College''
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+{{review}}
 [[Category:Nasal Cavity - Hyperplastic/Neoplastic Pathology]]
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 [[Category:Respiratory System - Hyperplastic/Neoplastic Pathology]]
 [[Category:Neoplasia]]
-[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
+[[Category:Expert Review]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:57, 15 August 2011
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	[[Category:Neoplasia]]		[[Category:Neoplasia]]
	[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]		[[Category: To Do - Siobhan Brade]]
−	~~[[Category:To Do - Manson review]]~~