Streptococci - Revision history

Bara: Redirected page to Category:Streptococcus species

2010-05-17T10:18:30Z

Redirected page to Category:Streptococcus species

Bevpanto: /* Strangles */

2009-09-29T14:04:51Z

Strangles

A.allison at 20:38, 13 August 2009

2009-08-13T20:38:46Z

Flawrence at 16:44, 29 December 2008

2008-12-29T16:44:28Z

Flawrence at 16:42, 29 December 2008

2008-12-29T16:42:16Z

Flawrence at 16:30, 29 December 2008

2008-12-29T16:30:18Z

Flawrence: /* Bovine streptococcal mastitis */

2008-12-29T16:18:39Z

Bovine streptococcal mastitis

Flawrence at 13:19, 29 December 2008

2008-12-29T13:19:29Z

Flawrence at 12:37, 29 December 2008

2008-12-29T12:37:53Z

Flawrence: /* Strangles */

2008-12-29T12:24:15Z

Strangles

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:18, 17 May 2010
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−	~~{{review}}~~	+	#REDIRECT[[:Category:Streptococcus species]]
−
−	~~{{toplink~~
−	~~\|backcolour =~~
−	~~\|linkpage =Bacteria~~
−	~~\|linktext =BACTERIA~~
−	~~\|pagetype=Bugs~~
−	}}
−	~~<br>~~
−
−	~~===Overview===~~
−
−	*Cause suppurative infections in many different animals
−	*Cause abscess formation and septicaemia
−	*Cause mastitis, metritis, polyarthritis, meningitis
−	*Primary or secondary infections following viral infection
−	*Neonatal septicaemia related to maternal genital tract infection
−	*Haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group C are common inhabitants of the equine nasopharynx
−	*''Streptococcus zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis'' are usually non-pathogenic
−	*Involved in [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs\|peritonitis in pigs]], [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology#Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)\|pyothorax]], [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis\|osteomyelitis]], [[Cavity & Gingiva - Pathology#Catarrhal Stomatitis\|catarrhal stomatitis]]
−	*In infectious [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Sheep\|arthritis of sheep]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle\|arthritis in calves]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Horses\|arthritis in horses]] and [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs\|arthritis in pigs]]
−	*Often commensals on mucous membranes of upper respiratory and lower urogenital tract
−	*Opportunistic infections
−
−
−	~~===Characteristics===~~
−
−	*Gram positive cocci forming chains
−	*Catalase negative, facultative anaerobes
−	*Fastitidious - require enriched media such as blood or serum
−	*Small haemolytic, translucent colonies, some mucoid
−	*Catalase negative
−	*Susceptible to desiccation
−
−
−	~~===Identification===~~
−
−	*Beta haemolysis (complete with clear zones surrounding colonies)
−	*Alpha haemolysis (partial with green zones surrounding colonies)
−	*Lancefield grouping - serology based on group-specific polysaccharide in cell wall
−	*Biochemical testing
−
−
−	~~===Diagnosis===~~
−
−	*Swabs of pus or exudate cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar
−	*No growth on MacConkey except ''S. faecalis''
−	*PCR, Lancefield grouping and biochemical tests
−
−
−	~~===Pathogensis and Pathogenicity===~~
−
−	*Beta-haemolytic strains more pathogenic than alpha-haemolytic strains
−	*Virulence factors include streptolysins, hyaluronidase, DNase, streptokinase and proteases
−	*''S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae'' and some strains of ''S. equi'' have polysaccharide capsules which are antiphagocytic
−	*''S. pyogenes'' and ''S. equi'' have antiphagocytic cell wall M proteins
−
−
−	~~===[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles\|Strangles]]===~~
−
−	*Epidemiology
−	**[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles\|Strangles]] is a highly infectious disease of horses caused by ''Streptococcus equi'' subsp. ''equi''
−	**[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Horses\|upper respiratory tract disease of horses]] with fever and abscessation of regional lymph nodes
−	**Causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Strangles\|rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology\|pharyngitis]], lymphadenitis and [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Abscesses\|myositis]]
−	**Outbreaks in groups of young horses
−	**Transmitted via purulent exudate discharging from upper respiratory tract or from lymph nodes
−	**Chronic, carrier state can occur with bacteria im the guttural pouch
−	**A mild, atypical form can occur
−	**''S. equi'' shed for 4 weeks beyond clinical resolution
−
−	*Clinical signs
−	**Incubation period 3 to 6 days
−	**Fever, depression, anorexia
−	**Purulent nasal discharge
−	**Swollen, painful regional lymph nodes, especially submandibular
−	**Abscessation and rupture of lymph nodes
−	**Guttural pouch empyema
−	**100% morbidity; 5% mortality
−	**Death can occur from pneumonia, breathing difficulties from swollen lymph nodes or [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#~~Ischaemia\|purpura haemorrhagica]](an immune-mediated disease)~~
−	**Bastard strangle may occasionally occur, with abscessaation in many organs of the body
−	**''S. equi'' may be involved in [[~~Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Systemic bacterial infections\|cutaneous lesions]]~~
−
−	*Diagnosis
−	**Clinical signs and history
−	**Mucoid colonies with beta-haemolysis
−	**Sugar fermentation allows differentiation of ''S. equi'' from ''S. zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis''
−	**PCR to detect asymptomatic carriers
−
−	*Treatment and control
−	**Penicillin administration to in-contact animals
−	**Isolation of affected animals
−	**Quarantne in-coming animals
−	**Avoid overcrowding and mixing different age groups
−	**Disinfection of equipment
−
−	~~===''~~Streptococcus ~~suis''===~~
−
−	*Meningitis, arthritis, septicaemia and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Streptococcal pneumonia\|pneumonia]] of pigs
−	*Sporadic cases of endocarditis, neonatal deaths and abortion
−	*Carried in tonsils and nasal cavity of carrier pigs
−	*Outbreaks occur in intensively-reared herds with poor hygiene
−	*Carrier sows infect litters causing neonatal deaths
−	*Meningitis with fever, tremors, incoordination, opisthotonos and convulsions
−	*Treatment with penicillin; prophylactic long-acting penicillin for sows and piglets
−	*Suppurative conditions in cattle, sheep, horses, cats
−	*Septicaemia and meningitis in humans
−
−
−	~~===Bovine streptococcal mastitis===~~
−
−	*''S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae'' and ''S. uberis'' primarily cause mastitis
−	*Also ''S. pyogenes, S. zooepidemicus'' and ''Enterococcus faecalis'' can be involved
−	*''S. agalactiae'' colonises milk ducts causing persistent infections with acute outbreaks
−	*''S. dysgalactiae'' found in the oral cavity and on the skin of the udder causes acute mastitis
−	*''S. uberis'' inhabits normal skin, tonsils and vaginal mucosa, and causes mastitis without systemic signs
−	*Cause inflammation of mammary tissue and clots form in milk
−	*Milk samples are cultured on blood agar, Edward's medium and MacConkey agar for diagnosis
−
−
−	~~===''S. equisimilis''===~~
−
−	*Found on skin and vagina of horses
−	*Causes abscesses, endometritis and mastitis in horses
−	*Suppurative conditions in pigs, cattle, dogs, birds
−
−
−	~~===''S. zooepidemicus''===~~
−
−	*Colonises mucous membranes
−	*Causes mastitis, pneumonia, [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology\|sinusitis]] and navel infections in horses
−	*''S. zooepidemicus'' can cause similar signs to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles\|strangles in horses]] and may accompany [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)\|COPD]]
−	*Secondary invador after [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine influenza\|equine influenza]]
−	*Colonises skin and mucous membranes of cattle, lambs, pigs and poultry and causes suppurative infections and septicaemia
−	* Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[Haemostasis - Pathology#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility\|haemorrhagic disease]]
−
−
−	~~===''Enterococcus faecalis''===~~
−
−	*Colonises intestinal tract
−	*Causes opportunistic suppurative infections in many species
−
−
−	~~===''S. canis''===~~
−
−	*Found in vagina and anal mucosa of carnivores
−	*Neonatal septicaemia, suppurative infections, toxic shock syndrome
−	*In [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Deep pyoderma\|deep pyoderma]] ~~and subcutaneous abscesses~~
−
−
−	~~===''S. pneumoniae''===~~
−
−	*Found in upper respiratory tract of primates
−	*Causes septicaemia, pneumonia and meningitis
−	*Pneumonia in guinea-pigs and rats
−
−
−	~~===''S. porcinus''===~~
−
−	*Submandibular lymphadenitis in pigs

@@ Line 90: / Line 90: @@
 **Penicillin administration to in-contact animals
 **Isolation of affected animals
-**Quaranteen in-coming animals
+**Quarantne in-coming animals
 **Avoid overcrowding and mixing different age groups
 **Disinfection of equipment
 ===''Streptococcus suis''===

@@ Line 133: / Line 133: @@
 *Secondary invador after [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine influenza|equine influenza]]
 *Colonises skin and mucous membranes of cattle, lambs, pigs and poultry and causes suppurative infections and septicaemia
-* Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[General Pathology - Haemostasis#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]]
+* Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[Haemostasis - Pathology#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]]

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 *Haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group C are common inhabitants of the equine nasopharynx
 *''Streptococcus zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis'' are usually non-pathogenic
 *Often commensals on mucous membranes of upper respiratory and lower urogenital tract
 *Opportunistic infections
@@ Line 157: / Line 159: @@
 *Submandibular lymphadenitis in pigs

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 *Primary or secondary infections following viral infection
 *Neonatal septicaemia related to maternal genital tract infection
 *Often commensals on mucous membranes of upper respiratory and lower urogenital tract
 *Opportunistic infections
@@ Line 36: / Line 38: @@
 *Lancefield grouping - serology based on group-specific polysaccharide in cell wall
 *Biochemical testing
@@ Line 50: / Line 59: @@
 *Epidemiology
 **[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]] is a highly infectious disease of horses caused by ''Streptococcus equi'' subsp. ''equi''
-**Upper respiratory tract disease with fever and abscessation of regional lymph nodes
+**[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Horses|upper respiratory tract disease of horses]] with fever and abscessation of regional lymph nodes
 **Outbreaks in groups of young horses
 **Transmitted via purulent exudate discharging from upper respiratory tract or from lymph nodes
@@ Line 67: / Line 77: @@
 **Death can occur from pneumonia, breathing difficulties from swollen lymph nodes or [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Ischaemia|purpura haemorrhagica]](an immune-mediated disease)
 **Bastard strangle may occasionally occur, with abscessaation in many organs of the body
 *Diagnosis
@@ Line 115: / Line 126: @@
 ===''S. zooepidemicus''===
-*Colonises mucous membranes and causes mastitis, pneumonia and navel infections in horses
+*Colonises mucous membranes
-*Colonises skin and mucous membranes od cattle, lambs, pigs and poultry and causes suppurative infections and septicaemia
+*Causes mastitis, pneumonia, [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology|sinusitis]] and navel infections in horses
@@ Line 129: / Line 144: @@
 *Found in vagina and anal mucosa of carnivores
 *Neonatal septicaemia, suppurative infections, toxic shock syndrome
@@ Line 141: / Line 157: @@
 *Submandibular lymphadenitis in pigs
 * [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#In pigs|peritonitis in pigs]]
 *In [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology#Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)|pyothorax]]
 * In [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]]
 *In infectious [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Sheep|arthritis of sheep]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis in calves]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Horses|arthritis in horses]] and [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis in pigs]]
 *In [[Cavity & Gingiva - Pathology#Catarrhal Stomatitis|catarrhal stomatitis]]

@@ Line 86: / Line 86: @@
 *Meningitis, arthritis, septicaemia and [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Streptococcal pneumonia|pneumonia]] of pigs
 *Sporadic cases of endocarditis, neonatal deaths and abortion
-*Carried in tonsils of carrier pigs
+*Carried in tonsils and nasal cavity of carrier pigs
 *Outbreaks occur in intensively-reared herds with poor hygiene
 *Carrier sows infect litters causing neonatal deaths
 *Meningitis with fever, tremors, incoordination, opisthotonos and convulsions
 *Treatment with penicillin; prophylactic long-acting penicillin for sows and piglets
@@ Line 102: / Line 104: @@
 *Cause inflammation of mammary tissue and clots form in milk
 *Milk samples are cultured on blood agar, Edward's medium and MacConkey agar for diagnosis
 ===Diagnosis===

@@ Line 97: / Line 97: @@
 *''S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae'' and ''S. uberis'' primarily cause mastitis
 *Also ''S. pyogenes, S. zooepidemicus'' and ''Enterococcus faecalis'' can be involved
-*''S. agalactiae colonises milk ducts causing persistent infections with acute outbreaks
+*''S. agalactiae'' colonises milk ducts causing persistent infections with acute outbreaks
 *''S. dysgalactiae'' found in the oral cavity and on the skin of the udder causes acute mastitis
 *''S. uberis'' inhabits normal skin, tonsils and vaginal mucosa, and causes mastitis without systemic signs
 *Cause inflammation of mammary tissue and clots form in milk
 *Milk samples are cultured on blood agar, Edward's medium and MacConkey agar for diagnosis
 ===Diagnosis===

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:19, 29 December 2008
Line 96:		Line 96:

	*''S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae'' and ''S. uberis'' primarily cause mastitis		*''S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae'' and ''S. uberis'' primarily cause mastitis
		+	*Also ''S. pyogenes, S. zooepidemicus'' and ''Enterococcus faecalis'' can be involved
		+	*''S. agalactiae colonises milk ducts causing persistent infections with acute outbreaks
		+	*''S. dysgalactiae'' found in the oral cavity and on the skin of the udder causes acute mastitis
		+	*''S. uberis'' inhabits normal skin, tonsils and vaginal mucosa, and causes mastitis without systemic signs
		+	*Cause inflammation of mammary tissue and clots form in milk
		+	*Milk samples are cultured on blood agar, Edward's medium and MacConkey agar for diagnosis


		+
		+	===Diagnosis===

	*Swabs of pus or exudate cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar		*Swabs of pus or exudate cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar

@@ Line 65: / Line 65: @@
 **Guttural pouch empyema
 **100% morbidity; 5% mortality
-**Death can occur from pneumonia, breathing difficulties from swollen lymph nodes or purpura haemorrhagica (an immune-mediated disease)
+**Death can occur from pneumonia, breathing difficulties from swollen lymph nodes or [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Ischaemia|purpura haemorrhagica]](an immune-mediated disease)
 **Bastard strangle may occasionally occur, with abscessaation in many organs of the body
@@ Line 80: / Line 80: @@
 **Avoid overcrowding and mixing different age groups
 **Disinfection of equipment
 ===''Streptococcus suis''===
 *Swabs of pus or exudate cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar
@@ Line 92: / Line 103: @@
 *PCR, Lancefield grouping and biochemical tests
@@ Line 114: / Line 122: @@
 * Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[General Pathology - Haemostasis#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]].
 *Secondary invadors after [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Equine influenza|Equine influenza]]
-*''S. suis'' in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Streptococcal pneumonia|pneumonia]] of pigs
 *In [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology#Pyothorax (Thoracic empyema)|pyothorax]]
@@ Line 121: / Line 129: @@
 *In infectious [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Sheep|arthritis of sheep]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Cattle|arthritis in calves]], [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Horses|arthritis in horses]] and [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Pigs|arthritis in pigs]]
-*In horses sometimes [[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Ischaemia|purpura haemorrhagica]] follows, especially during recovery from [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|strangles]]
 *In [[Cavity & Gingiva - Pathology#Catarrhal Stomatitis|catarrhal stomatitis]]
 *In [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Deep pyoderma|deep pyoderma]] and subcutaneous abscesses