Streptococcus & Enterococcus Infections - Pigs - Revision history

Bara at 17:22, 17 October 2013

2013-10-17T17:22:40Z

Bara at 14:59, 17 August 2012

2012-08-17T14:59:47Z

Bara: Text replace - "Category:CABI Expert Review" to "Category:CABI Expert ReviewCategory:CABI AHPC Pages"

2012-04-13T15:06:56Z

Text replace - "Category:CABI Expert Review" to "Category:CABI Expert Review Category:CABI AHPC Pages"

Bara: /* References */

2011-08-12T23:06:36Z

References

Bara at 12:30, 28 July 2011

2011-07-28T12:30:26Z

Bara at 09:16, 28 July 2011

2011-07-28T09:16:52Z

Lwyasm1: /* Control */

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Control

Lwyasm1 at 14:41, 4 July 2011

2011-07-04T14:41:31Z

Bara: Created page with "Category:To Do - CABI"

2011-07-04T07:49:09Z

Created page with "Category:To Do - CABI"

New page

[[Category:To Do - CABI]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:22, 17 October 2013
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	[[Category:CABI Expert Review]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]] [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Pig]] [[Category: Cardiovascular Diseases - Pig]] [[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Pig]] [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Pig]] [[Category: Musculoskeletal Diseases - Pig]][[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Pig]]		[[Category:CABI Expert Review]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]] [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Pig]] [[Category: Cardiovascular Diseases - Pig]] [[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Pig]] [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Pig]] [[Category: Musculoskeletal Diseases - Pig]][[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Pig]]
	[[Category:Zoonoses]]		[[Category:Zoonoses]]
		+	[[Category:Cardiology Section]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 Also Known As: '''''Bacterial Endocarditis –- Bacterial Pericarditis  –  Ear/Skin/Teat Necrosis  –  Streptococcal Pustules  –  Enterococcal Diarrhoea  –  Joint Ill  –  Jowl Abscess  –  Streptococcal Meningitis  –  Streptococcal Lymphadenitis  –  Streptococcosis  –  Streptococcal Otitis'''''
@@ Line 80: / Line 81: @@
 {{review}}
 [[Category:CABI Expert Review]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]] [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Pig]] [[Category: Cardiovascular Diseases - Pig]] [[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Pig]] [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Pig]] [[Category: Musculoskeletal Diseases - Pig]][[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Pig]]
 [[Category:Zoonoses]]

@@ Line 80: / Line 80: @@
 {{review}}
-[[Category:CABI Expert Review]] [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Pig]] [[Category: Cardiovascular Diseases - Pig]] [[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Pig]] [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Pig]] [[Category: Musculoskeletal Diseases - Pig]][[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Pig]]
+[[Category:CABI Expert Review]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]] [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Pig]] [[Category: Cardiovascular Diseases - Pig]] [[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Pig]] [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Pig]] [[Category: Musculoskeletal Diseases - Pig]][[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Pig]]
 [[Category:Zoonoses]]

@@ Line 73: / Line 73: @@
 ==References==
 <references/>
-Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Streptococcus and Enterococcus Infections in Pigs datasheet''', accessed 04/07/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
+{{CABI source
+|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=63355&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 Streptococcus and Enterococcus infections in pigs (and ruminants)]
 {{review}}
 [[Category:CABI Expert Review]] [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Pig]] [[Category: Cardiovascular Diseases - Pig]] [[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Pig]] [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Pig]] [[Category: Musculoskeletal Diseases - Pig]][[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Pig]]
 [[Category:Zoonoses]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Also Known As – '''''Bacterial endocarditis – Bacterial pericarditis – Ear/Skin/Teat necrosis – streptococcal pustules – Enterococcal diarrhoea – Joint ill – Jowl abscess – Streptococcal meningitis – Streptococcal lymphadenitis – Streptococcosis – Streptococcal Otitis'''''
+Also Known As: '''''Bacterial Endocarditis –- Bacterial Pericarditis  –  Ear/Skin/Teat Necrosis  –  Streptococcal Pustules  –  Enterococcal Diarrhoea  –  Joint Ill  –  Jowl Abscess  –  Streptococcal Meningitis  –  Streptococcal Lymphadenitis  –  Streptococcosis  –  Streptococcal Otitis'''''
-Caused By – ''Streptococcus suis – S. bovis – S. dysgalactiae – S. hyointestinalis – S. intestinalis -  S. Porcinus - Enterococcus faecalis – E. durans''
+Caused By: ''[[Streptococcus suis]] – S. bovis – S. dysgalactiae – S. hyointestinalis – S. intestinalis -  S. porcinus - Enterococcus faecalis – E. durans''
 ==Introduction==
-Streptoccocal and Enterococcal infections are '''common in pigs as the organisms are commensal''' in their [[Alimentary System|gastrointestinal]] and [[Reproductive System|reproductive]] tracts and environments. A multitude of diseases affecting many systems can be the result of infection with these organisms.
+Streptoccocal and Enterococcal infections are '''common in pigs as the organisms are commensal''' in their gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts and environments. A multitude of diseases affecting many systems can be the result of infection with these organisms.
-Most streptococcus species are opportunistic and the main precursor to ''S. suis infection'' in pigs is '''[[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome]]'''.
+Most streptococcus species are opportunistic and the main precursor to ''S. suis'' infection in pigs is '''[[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome]]'''.
 ''S. suis'' is also a '''zoonosis''' of significance which can cause severe disease in humans.
@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 ''S. suis'' '''capsular type 2''' is prevalent in almost all countries and is the organism of most importance from this group of pathogens.
-==Streptococcus suis Infection==
+==''Streptococcus suis'' Infection==
 ===Signalment and Distribution===
 The main host of ''S. suis'' is the domestic pig but cattle, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, cats and people can acquire the infection with varying clinical presentations.
-It is a '''natural inhabitant of the respiratory, reproductive and gastrointestinal tracts'''. Disease usually occurs following '''movement of pigs between herds'' and is transmitted via the '''respiratory route''',<ref> Torremorell, M., Calsamiglia, M., Pijoan, C (1998) '''Colonization of suckling pigs by Streptococcus suis with particular reference to pathogenic serotype 2 strains'''. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 62(1):21-26; 32</ref> '''during suckling''' and also '''vertically''' from infected sows to piglets.<ref> Amass, S. F., SanMiguel, P., Clark, L. K (1997) '''Demonstration of vertical transmission of Streptococcus suis in swine by genomic fingerprinting'''. J Clinical Microbiology, 35(6):1595-1959; 10</ref>
+It is a '''natural inhabitant of the respiratory, reproductive and gastrointestinal tracts'''. Disease usually occurs following '''movement of pigs between herds'' and is transmitted via the '''respiratory route''',<ref> Torremorell, M., Calsamiglia, M., Pijoan, C (1998) '''Colonization of suckling pigs by Streptococcus suis with particular reference to pathogenic serotype 2 strains'''. ''Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research'', 62(1):21-26; 32</ref> '''during suckling''' and also '''vertically''' from infected sows to piglets.<ref> Amass, S. F., SanMiguel, P., Clark, L. K (1997) '''Demonstration of vertical transmission of Streptococcus suis in swine by genomic fingerprinting'''. ''J Clinical Microbiology'', 35(6):1595-1959; 10</ref>
 ===Clinical Signs===
-Disease is often multisystemic and may involve the [[Respiratory System|respiratory]], [[Nervous System|neurological]], [[Cardiovascular System|cardiovascular]], [[Alimentary System|gastrointestinal]] and [[Integumentary System|skin]]. '''The first sign is usually pyrexia. Peracute cases will be found dead''' with no premonitory signs.
+Disease is often multisystemic and may involve the respiratory, neurological, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal systems and skin. '''The first sign is usually pyrexia. Peracute cases will be found dead''' with no premonitory signs.
 '''[[Pneumonia Overview|Pneumonia]]''' is a common presentation of infected pigs usually featuring '''coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge, epistaxis, tachypnoea, dyspnoea''' and a change in voice.
-Pigs with streptococcal '''[[Pericarditis]] or [[Endocarditis]]''' are '''tachycardic, have muffled heart sounds and murmurs, are often ascitic and may exhibit jugular distension'''. Pulses may be weak, mucous membranes pale and an ECG often lacks P-waves and shows dysrhythmmias.
+Pigs with streptococcal '''[[pericarditis]] or [[endocarditis]]''' are '''tachycardic, have muffled heart sounds and murmurs, are often ascitic and may exhibit jugular distension'''. Pulses may be weak, mucous membranes pale and an ECG often lacks P-waves and shows [[Arrhythmias Overview|dysrhythmmias]].
 '''Meningitis''' is common and severe and may cause or be a consequence of '''otitis media'''. Ear infections may present as an '''aural discharge, deafness or scratching''' of the ears. The neurological disease features '''seizures, torticollis, head tilt, muscle spasms, paddling, tremors, paresis which many involve all four limbs, ataxia, hypermetria, irritability, depression, circling, head pressing and abnormal proprioception'''. Cranial nerve deficits may be seen and opthalmological signs may result. Pigs are often found dead and mortality may be significant.
@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 The [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology|skin]] may be a route of entry for the pathogens or a later sign of systemic disease. '''Subcutaneous masses, abscesses and nodules may form and erythema, ulcers and sloughing''' can occur. The coat is often rough and “staring”.
-[[Reproductive System|Reproductive]] disease can also result, causing '''agalactia, abortion and mastitis'''.
+Reproductive disease can also result, causing '''agalactia, abortion and mastitis'''.
 ===Diagnosis===
@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 It can be confirmed by '''isolation''' from tissues, joint fluid and cerebrospinal fluid, by '''PCR''' and serologically by '''[[ELISA testing|ELISA]]'''.
-On post-mortem, '''suppurative bronchopneumonia, neutrophilic meningitis/encephalitis and epicarditis''' are seen. Microscopic lesions are seen in the '''lung, brain, heart and joints'''.
+On post-mortem, '''suppurative [[bronchopneumonia]], neutrophilic meningitis/encephalitis and epicarditis''' are seen. Microscopic lesions are seen in the '''lung, brain, heart and joints'''.
 ===Treatment===
@@ Line 49: / Line 49: @@
 ===''S. suis'' in humans===
-Human cases of ''S. suis'' are '''infrequent but severe'''. '''Meningitis''' is the most common manifestation followed by '''septicaemia and endocarditis'''. The disease is often mistaken for other pathogens due to laboratories being unaware of its existence.  In most cases. ''S. suis'' capsular type 2 is responsible and disease is acquired through '''close contact''' with pigs or contaminated pork products,<ref>Elbers, A. R. W., Vecht, U., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., Groen, J., Wisselink, H. J., Diepersloot, R. J. A., Tielen, M. J. M (1999) '''Low prevalence of antibodies against the zoonotic. agents Brucella abortus, Leptospira spp., Streptococcus suis serotype II, Hantavirus, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus among veterinarians and pig farmers in the southern part of the Netherlands'''. Veterinary Quarterly, 21(2):50-53; 51</ref> which enters through '''skin abrasions or cuts'''.<ref> Michaud, S., Duperval, R., Higgins, R (1996) '''Streptococcus suis meningitis: First case reported in Quebec'''. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 7:329-331</ref>.
+Human cases of ''S. suis'' are '''infrequent but severe'''. '''Meningitis''' is the most common manifestation followed by '''septicaemia and endocarditis'''. The disease is often mistaken for other pathogens due to laboratories being unaware of its existence. In most cases. ''S. suis'' capsular type 2 is responsible and disease is acquired through '''close contact''' with pigs or contaminated pork products,<ref>Elbers, A. R. W., Vecht, U., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., Groen, J., Wisselink, H. J., Diepersloot, R. J. A., Tielen, M. J. M (1999) '''Low prevalence of antibodies against the zoonotic. agents Brucella abortus, Leptospira spp., Streptococcus suis serotype II, Hantavirus, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus among veterinarians and pig farmers in the southern part of the Netherlands'''. ''Veterinary Quarterly'', 21(2):50-53; 51</ref> which enters through '''skin abrasions or cuts'''.<ref> Michaud, S., Duperval, R., Higgins, R (1996) '''Streptococcus suis meningitis: First case reported in Quebec'''. ''Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases'', 7:329-331</ref>.
 ==Other Species and Diseases==
 ===Enteritis===
-[[Diarrhoea]] is the primary sign associated with '''''Enterococcus spp.''''' infections, usually in '''neonatal pigs 2 -14 days old''' and commonly associated with '''''E. durans'''''. '''Mortality is usually low''', in contrast with other neonatal enteritis pathogens.<ref> Cheon, DooSung., Chae, Chanhee (1996) '''Outbreak of diarrhoea associated with Enterococcus durans in piglets'''. Journal Vet Diagnostic Investigation, 8(1):123-124; 8</ref> The condition can also affect calves and puppies.
+[[Diarrhoea]] is the primary sign associated with '''''Enterococcus spp.''''' infections, usually in '''neonatal pigs 2 -14 days old''' and commonly associated with '''''E. durans'''''. '''Mortality is usually low''', in contrast with other neonatal enteritis pathogens.<ref> Cheon, DooSung., Chae, Chanhee (1996) '''Outbreak of diarrhoea associated with Enterococcus durans in piglets'''. ''Journal Vet Diagnostic Investigation'', 8(1):123-124; 8</ref> The condition can also affect calves and puppies.
 ===Lymphadenitis===
@@ Line 63: / Line 63: @@
 Most disinfectants are active against ''S. suis'', but organic matter can reduce their efficacy so units should be pre-cleaned.
-'''Antibiotics''' can also be used prophylactically but the implicatins should always be considered.
+'''Antibiotics''' can also be used prophylactically but the implications should always be considered.
 '''Vaccines''' are available but results are inconsistent.
@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Streptococcus and Enterococcus Infections in Pigs datasheet''', accessed 04/07/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
-[[Category:To Do - CABI review]] [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Pig]] [[Category: Cardiovascular Diseases - Pig]] [[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Pig]] [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Pig]] [[Category: Musculoskeletal Diseases - Pig]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:16, 28 July 2011
Line 4:		Line 4:

	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
−	~~[[File:Strep suis meningitis.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|right\|A porcine brain showing signs of ''S. suis'' meningitis. Copyright CFSPH Iowa State.]]~~
	Streptoccocal and Enterococcal infections are '''common in pigs as the organisms are commensal''' in their [[Alimentary System\|gastrointestinal]] and [[Reproductive System\|reproductive]] tracts and environments. A multitude of diseases affecting many systems can be the result of infection with these organisms.		Streptoccocal and Enterococcal infections are '''common in pigs as the organisms are commensal''' in their [[Alimentary System\|gastrointestinal]] and [[Reproductive System\|reproductive]] tracts and environments. A multitude of diseases affecting many systems can be the result of infection with these organisms.

@@ Line 69: / Line 69: @@
 {{Learning
-|flashcards = [[Streptococcus and Enterococcus Infections in Pigs|''Streptococcus'' and ''Enterococcus'' Infections in Pigs Flashcards]]
+|flashcards = [[Streptococcus and Enterococcus Infections in Pigs Flashcards|''Streptococcus'' and ''Enterococcus'' Infections in Pigs Flashcards]]
 }}

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:41, 4 July 2011
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	[[Category:To Do - CABI]]	+	Also Known As – '''''Bacterial endocarditis – Bacterial pericarditis – Ear/Skin/Teat necrosis – streptococcal pustules – Enterococcal diarrhoea – Joint ill – Jowl abscess – Streptococcal meningitis – Streptococcal lymphadenitis – Streptococcosis – Streptococcal Otitis'''''
		+
		+	Caused By – ''Streptococcus suis – S. bovis – S. dysgalactiae – S. hyointestinalis – S. intestinalis - S. Porcinus - Enterococcus faecalis – E. durans''
		+
		+	==Introduction==
		+	[[File:Strep suis meningitis.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|right\|A porcine brain showing signs of ''S. suis'' meningitis. Copyright CFSPH Iowa State.]]
		+	Streptoccocal and Enterococcal infections are '''common in pigs as the organisms are commensal''' in their [[Alimentary System\|gastrointestinal]] and [[Reproductive System\|reproductive]] tracts and environments. A multitude of diseases affecting many systems can be the result of infection with these organisms.
		+
		+	Most streptococcus species are opportunistic and the main precursor to ''S. suis infection'' in pigs is '''[[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome]]'''.
		+
		+	''S. suis'' is also a '''zoonosis''' of significance which can cause severe disease in humans.
		+
		+	==Distribution==
		+	These organisms are present worldwide due to their commensal nature.
		+
		+	''S. suis'' '''capsular type 2''' is prevalent in almost all countries and is the organism of most importance from this group of pathogens.
		+
		+	==Streptococcus suis Infection==
		+	===Signalment and Distribution===
		+	The main host of ''S. suis'' is the domestic pig but cattle, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, cats and people can acquire the infection with varying clinical presentations.
		+
		+	It is a '''natural inhabitant of the respiratory, reproductive and gastrointestinal tracts'''. Disease usually occurs following '''movement of pigs between herds'' and is transmitted via the '''respiratory route''',<ref> Torremorell, M., Calsamiglia, M., Pijoan, C (1998) '''Colonization of suckling pigs by Streptococcus suis with particular reference to pathogenic serotype 2 strains'''. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 62(1):21-26; 32</ref> '''during suckling''' and also '''vertically''' from infected sows to piglets.<ref> Amass, S. F., SanMiguel, P., Clark, L. K (1997) '''Demonstration of vertical transmission of Streptococcus suis in swine by genomic fingerprinting'''. J Clinical Microbiology, 35(6):1595-1959; 10</ref>
		+
		+	===Clinical Signs===
		+	Disease is often multisystemic and may involve the [[Respiratory System\|respiratory]], [[Nervous System\|neurological]], [[Cardiovascular System\|cardiovascular]], [[Alimentary System\|gastrointestinal]] and [[Integumentary System\|skin]]. '''The first sign is usually pyrexia. Peracute cases will be found dead''' with no premonitory signs.
		+
		+	'''[[Pneumonia Overview\|Pneumonia]]''' is a common presentation of infected pigs usually featuring '''coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge, epistaxis, tachypnoea, dyspnoea''' and a change in voice.
		+
		+	Pigs with streptococcal '''[[Pericarditis]] or [[Endocarditis]]''' are '''tachycardic, have muffled heart sounds and murmurs, are often ascitic and may exhibit jugular distension'''. Pulses may be weak, mucous membranes pale and an ECG often lacks P-waves and shows dysrhythmmias.
		+
		+	'''Meningitis''' is common and severe and may cause or be a consequence of '''otitis media'''. Ear infections may present as an '''aural discharge, deafness or scratching''' of the ears. The neurological disease features '''seizures, torticollis, head tilt, muscle spasms, paddling, tremors, paresis which many involve all four limbs, ataxia, hypermetria, irritability, depression, circling, head pressing and abnormal proprioception'''. Cranial nerve deficits may be seen and opthalmological signs may result. Pigs are often found dead and mortality may be significant.
		+
		+	If the organism enters the '''joints''' by direct or haematogenous routes, arthritis develops and leads to '''lameness, weakness and joint swelling''', which may rupture and expose the purulent exudate. This is also a common consequence of '''navel infection''' in newborn pigs.
		+
		+	'''Enteritis''' is also commonly caused by ''S. suis'' and presents as anorexia, [[Diarrhoea\|diarrhoea]] and dehydration.
		+
		+	The [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology\|skin]] may be a route of entry for the pathogens or a later sign of systemic disease. '''Subcutaneous masses, abscesses and nodules may form and erythema, ulcers and sloughing''' can occur. The coat is often rough and “staring”.
		+
		+	[[Reproductive System\|Reproductive]] disease can also result, causing '''agalactia, abortion and mastitis'''.
		+
		+	===Diagnosis===
		+	Diagnosis is often presumptive bases upon '''epidemiology, clinical signs and lesions''' seen at necropsy.
		+
		+	It can be confirmed by '''isolation''' from tissues, joint fluid and cerebrospinal fluid, by '''PCR''' and serologically by '''[[ELISA testing\|ELISA]]'''.
		+
		+	On post-mortem, '''suppurative bronchopneumonia, neutrophilic meningitis/encephalitis and epicarditis''' are seen. Microscopic lesions are seen in the '''lung, brain, heart and joints'''.
		+
		+	===Treatment===
		+	Most ''S. suis'' isolates are susceptible to '''ampicillin and amoxicillin'''. Penicillin can also be used but resistance is slightly more common. Culture and sensitivity is recommended as a high degree of resistance to many antibiotics occurs. '''Anti-inflammatory therapy''' is also useful and advised.
		+
		+	===''S. suis'' in humans===
		+	Human cases of ''S. suis'' are '''infrequent but severe'''. '''Meningitis''' is the most common manifestation followed by '''septicaemia and endocarditis'''. The disease is often mistaken for other pathogens due to laboratories being unaware of its existence. In most cases. ''S. suis'' capsular type 2 is responsible and disease is acquired through '''close contact''' with pigs or contaminated pork products,<ref>Elbers, A. R. W., Vecht, U., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., Groen, J., Wisselink, H. J., Diepersloot, R. J. A., Tielen, M. J. M (1999) '''Low prevalence of antibodies against the zoonotic. agents Brucella abortus, Leptospira spp., Streptococcus suis serotype II, Hantavirus, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus among veterinarians and pig farmers in the southern part of the Netherlands'''. Veterinary Quarterly, 21(2):50-53; 51</ref> which enters through '''skin abrasions or cuts'''.<ref> Michaud, S., Duperval, R., Higgins, R (1996) '''Streptococcus suis meningitis: First case reported in Quebec'''. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 7:329-331</ref>.
		+
		+	==Other Species and Diseases==
		+	===Enteritis===
		+	[[Diarrhoea]] is the primary sign associated with '''''Enterococcus spp.''''' infections, usually in '''neonatal pigs 2 -14 days old''' and commonly associated with '''''E. durans'''''. '''Mortality is usually low''', in contrast with other neonatal enteritis pathogens.<ref> Cheon, DooSung., Chae, Chanhee (1996) '''Outbreak of diarrhoea associated with Enterococcus durans in piglets'''. Journal Vet Diagnostic Investigation, 8(1):123-124; 8</ref> The condition can also affect calves and puppies.
		+
		+	===Lymphadenitis===
		+	'''Streptococcal lymphadenitis''' is usually the result of infection with '''''S. porcinus''''' in growing pigs. '''Abscess''' formation is also a common feature of infection, forming on the '''jowl or in the cervical region'''. This is the result of dissemination of infection from its initial location in the pharynx and tonsils. Infection can be transmitted via '''ingestion''' of abscess exudates/contents or infected faeces, by '''direct contact or via drinking water'''. This disease is of particular economic importance in the '''USA'''. It can be diagnosed by '''isolation''' from tonsils, pharynx, nasal cavity and vagina/prepuce. ''S. porcinus'' is often isolated from pneumonia, enteritis and arthritis cases also, but is thought to be secondary in these situations. This disease is not zoonotic.
		+
		+	==Control==
		+	'''Minimising stock density, keeping stress minimal and environmental conditions consistent''' can help to reduce the prevalence and transmission of infection. Pigs with an '''age difference of more than two weeks''' should not be mixed. '''All-in/all-out''' systems are ideal.
		+
		+	Most disinfectants are active against ''S. suis'', but organic matter can reduce their efficacy so units should be pre-cleaned.
		+
		+	'''Antibiotics''' can also be used prophylactically but the implicatins should always be considered.
		+
		+	'''Vaccines''' are available but results are inconsistent.
		+
		+	{{Learning
		+	\|flashcards = [[Streptococcus and Enterococcus Infections in Pigs\|''Streptococcus'' and ''Enterococcus'' Infections in Pigs Flashcards]]
		+	}}
		+
		+	==References==
		+	<references/>
		+	Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Streptococcus and Enterococcus Infections in Pigs datasheet''', accessed 04/07/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
		+
		+	[[Category:To Do - CABI review]] [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Pig]] [[Category: Cardiovascular Diseases - Pig]] [[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Pig]] [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Pig]] [[Category: Musculoskeletal Diseases - Pig]]