Swine Influenza - Revision history

Bara at 18:07, 30 July 2012

2012-07-30T18:07:27Z

Bara at 16:25, 10 May 2011

2011-05-10T16:25:34Z

Bara: /* References */

2011-03-28T20:33:00Z

References

Bara at 19:53, 28 March 2011

2011-03-28T19:53:33Z

Kthompson at 22:09, 20 March 2011

2011-03-20T22:09:19Z

Bara at 16:30, 20 February 2011

2011-02-20T16:30:15Z

Bara at 18:31, 19 February 2011

2011-02-19T18:31:26Z

Bara at 17:34, 19 February 2011

2011-02-19T17:34:11Z

Bara at 16:13, 19 February 2011

2011-02-19T16:13:38Z

Bara: Text replace - "[[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology" to "[[Tracheitis"

2011-02-19T14:45:53Z

Text replace - "[[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology" to "[[Tracheitis"

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 == Introduction  ==
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 {{review}}
 [[Category:Orthomyxoviridae]] [[Category:Pig_Viruses]] [[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Pig]] [[Category:Expert_Review - Farm Animal]] [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]
 [[Category:Zoonoses]]

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 == Introduction  ==
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+{{review}}
 [[Category:Orthomyxoviridae]] [[Category:Pig_Viruses]] [[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Pig]] [[Category:Expert_Review - Farm Animal]] [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]
 [[Category:Zoonoses]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:33, 28 March 2011
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−	[[Category:Orthomyxoviridae]] [[Category:Pig_Viruses]] [[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Pig]] [[Category:~~To_Do_~~-~~_Review~~]] [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]	+	[[Category:Orthomyxoviridae]] [[Category:Pig_Viruses]] [[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Pig]] [[Category:Expert_Review - Farm Animal]] [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]
	[[Category:Zoonoses]]		[[Category:Zoonoses]]

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-== Introduction<br>  ==
+{{review}}
-Swine influenza is caused by orthomyxoviridae virus family. There is circumstantial evidence of mutation from the human strain of influenza and hence the disease is zoonotic. The pig is susceptable to human and avian strains of the disease. Because of this, the two strains, if infection with both occurs at the same time, can mutate in the environment of the pig, and become avian in pathogenicity and have human attachment proteins, hence there is thought that avian influenza can infect humans. Avian-like H1 and human-like H3 strains vary in virulence.<br>
+Swine influenza is caused by [[:Category:Orthomyxoviridae|Orthomyxoviridae]] virus family. There is circumstantial evidence of mutation from the human strain of influenza and hence the disease is zoonotic. The pig is susceptible to human and avian strains of the disease. Because of this, if infection with both strains occurs at the same time, the virus can mutate in the environment of the pig and become avian in pathogenicity with human attachment proteins. Hence it is thought that [[Avian Influenza|avian influenza]] can infect humans. Avian-like H1 and human-like H3 strains vary in virulence.
-The disease in swine is thought to be predisposed to by migrating ascarids or by lung worms, hence the reservior is the earthworm as this is the intermediate host for the porcine lungworm. <br>
+The disease in swine is thought to be predisposed to by migrating [[Ascaris suum|ascarids]] or by [[Metastrongylus|lung worms]]. The reservoir is the earthworm as this is the intermediate host for the porcine lungworm.
-The virus will tend to recycle on farms as litters outgrow maternal antibody at around 12 weeks of age.<br>
+The virus will tend to recycle on farms as litters outgrow maternal antibody at around 12 weeks of age.
-<br>
+== Signalment ==
-== Signalment<br> ==
+Pigs of any age, but particularly weanlings and growers. It is also transmissible to humans.
-Pigs of any age, but particularly weanlings and growers. It is also transmissable to humans.<br>
+== Clinical Signs ==
-<br>
+Initially upper respiratory signs such as [[rhinitis]], a sneezing, serous nasal discharge and conjunctivitis are seen. This is soon followed by pyrexia, lethargy, skin erythema, anorexia, severe barking coughing, dyspnoea and [[:Category:Pneumonia|pneumonia]]. Tracheobronchitis may cause airway obstruction which may lead to [[atelectasis]]. Pregnant sows may abort. The virus is often associated with bacteria such as [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|mycoplasma]] or immunosuppressive viruses such as [[PRRS]].
-== Clinical Signs<br> ==
+== Diagnosis ==
-Initially upper respiratory signs such as rhinitis, a sneezing, serous nasal discharge, sneezing and conjunctivitis are seen. This is soon followed by pyrexia, lethargy, skin erythrema, anorexia, sever barking coughing, dyspnoea and pneumonia. Tracheobronchitis may cause airway obstruction which may lead to atelectasis. Pregnant cows may abort. The virus is often associated with bacteria such as mycoplasma or immunosuppressive viruses such as PRRS.<br>
+If the animal has clinical pneumonia, influenza is always a suspected cause.
-<br>
+Post mortem examination can be diagnostic and will often show the pleura normal or covered with serous or serofibrinous exudate and the pleural cavity filled with excess fluid. Lung lesions will include clear demarcation of lesions in cranial and middle lobes, interstitial pneumonia causing consolidation of the lungs and giving a 'meaty' appearance. There may be necrotising bronchiolitis with catarrhal pus. Histologically, there will be acute inflammation of the mucosa of trachea and bronchi.
-== Diagnosis<br> ==
+Serology should be performed and this will provide a retrospective diagnosis by haemaglutination inhibition (HI).
-If the animal has clinical pneumonia, influenza is always a suspected cause.<br>
+== Control ==
-Post mortem examination can be diagnostic and will often show the pleura normal or covered with serous or serofibrinous exudate and the pleural cavity filled with excess fluid. Lung lesions will include clear demarcation of lesions in cranial and middle lobes, interstitial pneumonia causing consolidation of the lungs and giving a 'meaty' appearance. There may be necrotising bronchiolitis with catarrhal pus. Histologically there will be acute inflammation of the the mucosa of trachea and bronchi.<br>
+== References ==
-Serology should be performed and this will provide a retrospective diagnosis by HI.<br> <br>
+Blood, D.C. and Studdert, V. P. (1999) '''Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary''' (2nd Edition) ''Elsevier Science''
-== Control ==
+Cowart, R.P. and Casteel, S.W. (2001) '''An Outline of Swine diseases: a handbook''' ''Wiley-Blackwell''
-In an outbreak of influenza there should be an immediate isolation of premises. No stock should be moved from group to group during this time and strict hygeine measures should be put into place should as sanitisation of hands prior to entering a farrowing house. Secondary bacterial infections should be treated with antibiotics. <br>
+Jackson, G.G. and Cockcroft, P.D. (2007) '''Handbook of Pig Medicine''''' Saunders Elsevier''
-Control measures should include all in/ all out systems being put into place.<br>
+Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual''' (Eighth Edition) ''Merial''
-Vaccination is not licensed in the UK. <br>
+Radostits, O.M, Arundel, J.H, and Gay, C.C. (2000) '''Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses''''' Elsevier Health Sciences
-<br>
+Straw, B.E. and Taylor, D.J. (2006)''' Disease of Swine '''''Wiley-Blackwell
-== References<br> ==
+Taylor, D.J. (2006) '''Pig Diseases '''(Eighth edition) ''St Edmunsdbury Press ltd''
 [[Category:Orthomyxoviridae]] [[Category:Pig_Viruses]] [[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Pig]] [[Category:To_Do_-_Review]] [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]
+[[Category:Zoonoses]]

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-{{unfinished}}
+== Introduction<br>  ==
-===Subtypes===
+Swine influenza is caused by orthomyxoviridae virus family. There is circumstantial evidence of mutation from the human strain of influenza and hence the disease is zoonotic. The pig is susceptable to human and avian strains of the disease. Because of this, the two strains, if infection with both occurs at the same time, can mutate in the environment of the pig, and become avian in pathogenicity and have human attachment proteins, hence there is thought that avian influenza can infect humans. Avian-like H1 and human-like H3 strains vary in virulence.<br>
-===Diagnosis===
+The disease in swine is thought to be predisposed to by migrating ascarids or by lung worms, hence the reservior is the earthworm as this is the intermediate host for the porcine lungworm. <br>
-*Caused by [[Orthomyxoviridae]]
+<br>
-[[Category:Orthomyxoviridae]][[Category:Pig Viruses]][[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Pig]]
+Pigs of any age, but particularly weanlings and growers. It is also transmissable to humans.<br>
-[[Category:To_Do_-_Clinical/Viruses]]
-[[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]
+<br>

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 *Grossly:
 **[[Tracheitis|Tracheo]][[Bronchitis#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]], airway obstruction -> [[Atelectasis|atelectasis]]
-**[[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|Pleura]] normal or covered with serous or serofibrinous exudate
+**Pleura normal or covered with serous or serofibrinous exudate
-**[[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|Pleural cavity]] filled with excess fluid
+**[[Hydrothorax|Pleural cavity]] filled with excess fluid
 **Lung lesions
 ***Clear demarcation of lesions in cranial and middle lobes

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 *Caused by [[Orthomyxoviridae]]
-*[[Rhinitis|Rhinitis]], may progress to [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
+*[[Rhinitis|Rhinitis]], may progress to [[Pneumonia Overview#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
 *Clinical signs: pyrexia, lethargy, skin erythema, anorexia, severe cough and sneezing, dyspnoea, conjunctivitis, pregnant sows may abort
 *Grossly:
@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 **Lung lesions
 ***Clear demarcation of lesions in cranial and middle lobes
-***[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|Interstitial pneumonia]]
+***[[Interstitial Pneumonia|Interstitial pneumonia]]
 *Histologically:
 **Acute inflammation of mucosa of trachea and bronchi