Tendons - Horse Anatomy - Revision history

Roytwv: Added Webinars

2020-11-24T12:03:06Z

Added Webinars

Bara: /* References */

2013-01-09T20:52:28Z

References

Bara at 20:51, 9 January 2013

2013-01-09T20:51:58Z

Bara: Text replace - "[[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy" to "[[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy"

2012-11-13T20:01:54Z

Text replace - "[[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy" to "[[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy"

Show changes

Lwilkie at 08:42, 31 October 2012

2012-10-31T08:42:31Z

Lwilkie at 08:40, 31 October 2012

2012-10-31T08:40:35Z

Lwilkie: /* Flexors */

2012-10-31T08:38:26Z

Flexors

Lwilkie: /* Pelvic Limb */

2012-10-31T08:28:17Z

Pelvic Limb

Lwilkie: /* Pelvic Limb */

2012-10-31T08:21:56Z

Pelvic Limb

Lwilkie: /* Flexors */

2012-10-31T08:19:03Z

Flexors

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 Originating from the proximal aspect of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metatarsal]] (cannon) and [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|distal tarsal bones ]], the SL of the pelvic limb is relatively thinner and longer than that of the thoracic limb.   It lies within the metatarsal groove deep to the DDFT. Continuing distally it bifurcates into two '''extensor branches''', as in the thoracic limb, which insert on the '''proximal sesamoid bones'''. Identical to in the thoracic limb, medial and lateral branches then join the long digital extensor tendon.
+==Webinars==
 ==References==

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 {{review}}
 {{OpenPages}}
-[[Category:Musculoskeletal System- Horse Anatomy]]
+[[Category:Musculoskeletal System - Horse Anatomy]]

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-{{unfinished}}
+{{OpenPagesTop}}
 ==Introduction==
 Tendons are composed of bundles of collagen, predominantly type I, surrounding parallel rows of fibroblasts known as '''tenocytes'''. Tenocytes synthesize the collagen fibres that they surround. Many collagen fibres make up a '''fascicle'''. Within the fascicle, collagen fibres are parallel with a ‘crimp’ waveform. This arrangement allows lateral cohesion between fibres, preventing slippage between fibres or fibrils. The ‘crimp’ straightens when the tendon is loaded and then recoils when the load is removed; this allows the elastic function of tendons.
-There are no muscles in the equine digit, instead there are the tendons of insertion of the two extensor muscles and the two flexor muscles of the digit.
+There are no muscles in the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy|equine digit]], instead there are the tendons of insertion of the two extensor muscles and the two flexor muscles of the digit.
 ==Thoracic Limb==
 ===Extensors===
 '''''Common Digital Extensor Tendon'''''
@@ Line 19: / Line 21: @@
 *'''Action''': Extends the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Thoracic Limb|carpus]] and [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Thoracic Limb|metacarpophalangeal]] joint
-The lateral digital extensor muscle arises from the lateral [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Humerus|humeral]]  epicondyle and forms the lateral digital extensor tendon on the lateral aspect of the antebrachium; caudal to the common digital extensor tendon. The tendon is enclosed within a synovial sheath as it extends distally over the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Thoracic Limb|metacarpus]] to insert on the dorsolateral aspect of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Phalanx|proximal phalanx]].
+The lateral digital extensor muscle arises from the lateral [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Humerus|humeral]] epicondyle and forms the lateral digital extensor tendon on the lateral aspect of the antebrachium; caudal to the common digital extensor tendon. The tendon is enclosed within a synovial sheath as it extends distally over the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Thoracic Limb|metacarpus]] to insert on the dorsolateral aspect of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Phalanx|proximal phalanx]].
 <br>
@@ Line 63: / Line 65: @@
 The suspensory ligament (middle interosseous muscle) is an entirely tendinous structure. The SL originates on the proximal aspect of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metacarpal]] (cannon) and distal [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Carpal Bones|carpal bones]].  It lies within the groove between the second and fourth [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|metacarpals]] (splint bones), deep to the SDFT and DDFT. Running distally, it bifurcates into two extensor branches which insert on the proximal sesamoid bones. Each branch extends laterally and medially, either side of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Thoracic Limb|metacarpophalangeal]] (feltlock) joint, to join the common digital extensor tendon. The major function of the SL is as part of the '''suspensory apparatus'''. It provides support to the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Thoracic Limb|metacarpophalangeal]] (fetlock) joint by preventing hyperextension and also limits palmar flexion.
-[[Image:Equine thoracic limb tendons ML.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Tendons of the thoracic limb, mediolateral view''']]
+==Pelvic Limb==
-[[Image:Equine thoracic limb tendons palmar.jpg|200px|thumb|left|'''Tendons of the thoracic limb, palmar view''']]
+[[Image:Equine pelvic limb tendons plantar.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Tendons of the pelvic limb, plantar view''']]
+[[Image:Equine tendons pelvic limb LM.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Tendons of the pelvic limb, lateromedial view''']]
+[[Image:Equine pelvic limb tendons ML.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Tendons of the pelvic limb, mediolateral view''']]
 ===Extensors===
 '''''Long Digital Extensor Tendon'''''
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 Originating from the proximal aspect of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metatarsal]] (cannon) and [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|distal tarsal bones ]], the SL of the pelvic limb is relatively thinner and longer than that of the thoracic limb.   It lies within the metatarsal groove deep to the DDFT. Continuing distally it bifurcates into two '''extensor branches''', as in the thoracic limb, which insert on the '''proximal sesamoid bones'''. Identical to in the thoracic limb, medial and lateral branches then join the long digital extensor tendon.
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 *Pasquini, C, Spurgeon, T.L., An Anatomy of Domestic Animals: A Systemic and Regional Approach, 10th Edition (2003), Bowker
-[[Category:Horse Anatomy]]
-[[Category:To Do - AP Review]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:42, 31 October 2012
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	[[Category:Horse Anatomy]]		[[Category:Horse Anatomy]]
		+	[[Category:To Do - AP Review]]

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 [[Image:Equine thoracic limb tendons ML.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Tendons of the thoracic limb, mediolateral view''']]
 [[Image:Equine thoracic limb tendons palmar.jpg|200px|thumb|left|'''Tendons of the thoracic limb, palmar view''']]
 <br>
 ==Pelvic Limb==
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 [[Image:Equine tendons pelvic limb LM.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Tendons of the pelvic limb, lateromedial view''']]
 [[Image:Equine pelvic limb tendons ML.jpg|200px|thumb|center|'''Tendons of the pelvic limb, mediolateral view''']]
 ==References==

@@ Line 115: / Line 115: @@
 '''''Peroneus Tertius'''''
 *'''Origin''': Extensor fossa of [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]]
-*'''Insertion''':  Dorsal insertion on the proximal region of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metatarsal]] (cannon) and [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|third tarsal]] bones. Lateral insertion on the calcaneus and [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|fourth tarsal]] bone
+*'''Insertion''':  Dorsal insertion on the proximal region of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metatarsal]] (cannon) and [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|third tarsal]] bones. Lateral insertion on the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneus]] and [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|fourth tarsal]] bone
 *'''Action''': 	Passively flexes the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|tarsus]]  when the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|stifle]]  is flexed
-The peroneus tertius is an entirely tendinous structure in the horse, forming an important component of the [[Stay Apparatus - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|'''reciprocal apparatus''']] . It acts to passively flex the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|tarsus]]  when the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|stifle]]  is flexed. The tendon forms a loop, through which the tendon of the tibialis cranialis passes. It then bifurcates at the level of the talus into dorsal and lateral branches. The dorsal branch passes deep to the cunean tendon to insert on the third metatarsal (cannon) and third tarsal bones.  The lateral branch extends distally, deep to the long digital extensor tendon and runs laterally distal to the lateral ridge of the trochlea of the talus. This lateral branch then bifurcates to insert on the calcaneus and fourth tarsal (splint) bone.
+The peroneus tertius is an entirely tendinous structure in the horse, forming an important component of the [[Stay Apparatus - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|'''reciprocal apparatus''']] . It acts to passively flex the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|tarsus]]  when the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|stifle]]  is flexed. The tendon forms a loop, through which the tendon of the tibialis cranialis passes. It then bifurcates at the level of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|talus]] into dorsal and lateral branches. The dorsal branch passes deep to the cunean tendon to insert on the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metatarsal]] (cannon) and [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|third tarsal]] bones.  The lateral branch extends distally, deep to the long digital extensor tendon and runs laterally distal to the lateral ridge of the trochlea of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|talus]]. This lateral branch then bifurcates to insert on the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneus]] and [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|fourth tarsal]] bone.
 <br>
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 *'''Action''': Extends the digit, assists in extending the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|hock]]  and flexing the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|stifle]]  as part of the [[Stay Apparatus - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|reciprocal apparatus]]
-The superficial digital flexor tendon is a major component of the common calcaneal tendon, which forms part of the [[Stay Apparatus - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|reciprocal apparatus]]. The SDFT arises from the superficial digital flexor muscle in the proximal/mid-tibial region and passes around the gastrocnemius tendon caudally. At the point of the hock, the SDFT widens to form a cap over the calcanean tuberosity. The '''calcanean bursa''' is a synovial fluid-filled space formed between the calcanean tuberosity and the SDFT. Distal to the calcaneus, the SDFT continues as arranged in the thoracic limb to its point of insertion on the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Middle Phalanx|middle phalanx]].
+The superficial digital flexor tendon is a major component of the common calcaneal tendon, which forms part of the [[Stay Apparatus - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|reciprocal apparatus]]. The SDFT arises from the superficial digital flexor muscle in the proximal/mid-tibial region and passes around the gastrocnemius tendon caudally. At the point of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|hock]], the SDFT widens to form a cap over the calcanean tuberosity. The '''calcanean bursa''' is a synovial fluid-filled space formed between the calcanean tuberosity and the SDFT. Distal to the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneus]], the SDFT continues as arranged in the thoracic limb to its point of insertion on the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Middle Phalanx|middle phalanx]].
 In contrast to the thoracic limb, there is no accessory ligament of the SDFT in the pelvic limb.
@@ Line 135: / Line 135: @@
 *'''Action''': Flexes the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal phalanx]]
-The DDFT runs on the plantar aspect of the metatarsus distally, over the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Sesamoid (Navicular) Bone|distal sesamoid]]  ('''navicular bone'''). Its passage over the navicular bone is facilitated by the synovial fluid-filled '''navicular bursa''' before inserting on the flexor cortex of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal phalanx]].
+The DDFT runs on the plantar aspect of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|metatarsus]]  distally, over the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Sesamoid (Navicular) Bone|distal sesamoid]]  ('''navicular bone'''). Its passage over the navicular bone is facilitated by the synovial fluid-filled '''navicular bursa''' before inserting on the flexor cortex of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal phalanx]].
-The accessory ('''check''') ligament connects the DDFT to the third metatarsal. This forms part of the [[Stay Apparatus - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|'''stay apparatus''']] by removing tension from the main body of the DDFT.
+The accessory ('''check''') ligament connects the DDFT to the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metatarsal]] (cannon) bone. This forms part of the [[Stay Apparatus - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|'''stay apparatus''']] by removing tension from the main body of the DDFT.
 <br>
@@ Line 144: / Line 144: @@
 *'''Action''': Prevents fetlock hyperextension and limits plantar flexion
-Originating from the proximal aspect of the third metatarsal (cannon) and distal tarsal bones, the SL of the pelvic limb is relatively thinner and longer than that of the forelimb.   It lies within the metatarsal groove deep to the DDFT. Continuing distally it bifurcates into two '''extensor branches''', as in the thoracic limb, which insert on the '''proximal sesamoid bones'''. Identical to in the thoracic limb, medial and lateral branches then join the long digital extensor tendon.
+Originating from the proximal aspect of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metatarsal]] (cannon) and [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|distal tarsal bones ]], the SL of the pelvic limb is relatively thinner and longer than that of the thoracic limb.   It lies within the metatarsal groove deep to the DDFT. Continuing distally it bifurcates into two '''extensor branches''', as in the thoracic limb, which insert on the '''proximal sesamoid bones'''. Identical to in the thoracic limb, medial and lateral branches then join the long digital extensor tendon.

@@ Line 84: / Line 84: @@
 *'''Origin''': Lateral digital extensor muscle proximal  and lateral to the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|tarsus]]  (hock)
 *'''Insertion''': Dorsal [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Phalanx|proximal phalanx]]
-*'''Action''': Aids long digital extensor in digit extension and tarsal flexion
+*'''Action''': Aids long digital extensor in digit extension and [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|tarsal]] flexion
 The lateral digital extensor tendon passes over the lateral aspect of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|hock]] , held in place by the '''extensor retinaculum''' and surrounded by a protective synovial sheath. It joins the '''long digital extensor tendon''' in the proximal metatarsal region.
@@ Line 91: / Line 91: @@
 '''''Cunean Tendon'''''
-*'''Origin''': Cranial tibial muscle in the distal tibia/proximal talus region
+*'''Origin''': Cranial tibial muscle in the distal [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]]/proximal [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|talus]] region
-*'''Insertion''': Medially on the fused first and second tarsal bones
+*'''Insertion''': Medially on the fused first and second [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|tarsal bones]]
-*'''Action''': Aids tarsal flexion
+*'''Action''': Aids [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|tarsal]] flexion
 In the horse, the medial insertion of the cranial tibial muscle (tibialis cranialis) is known as the '''cunean tendon'''. There is an associated synovial fluid-filled space known as the '''cunean bursa''', which is also species specific.
@@ Line 99: / Line 99: @@
 <br>
 '''''Common Calcaneal Tendon'''''
-*'''Origin: Caudal to the stifle joint
+*'''Origin: Caudal to the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|stifle]] joint
 *'''Insertion: Calcanean tuberosity
 *'''Action''' of components:
@@ Line 114: / Line 114: @@
 <br>
 '''''Peroneus Tertius'''''
-*'''Origin''': Extensor fossa of femur
+*'''Origin''': Extensor fossa of [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]]
-*'''Insertion''':  Dorsal insertion on the proximal region of the third metatarsal (cannon) and third tarsal bones. Lateral insertion on the calcaneus and fourth tarsal bone (lateral splint)
+*'''Insertion''':  Dorsal insertion on the proximal region of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metatarsal]] (cannon) and [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|third tarsal]] bones. Lateral insertion on the calcaneus and [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|fourth tarsal]] bone
 *'''Action''': 	Passively flexes the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|tarsus]]  when the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|stifle]]  is flexed

@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 *'''Origin''': Long digital extensor muscle proximal and dorsolateral to the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|tarsus]] (hock)
 *'''Insertion''': Extensor process of [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal phalanx]]
-*'''Action''': Extends the digit, flexes the tarsus
+*'''Action''': Extends the digit, flexes the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|tarsus]]
-The long digital extensor tendon extends distally on the dorsolateral aspect of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|tarsus]]  and [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|metatarsus]] , surrounded by a synovial sheath from mid-tarsus to 3-4cm distal to the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|tarsus]] . The branches of the interosseous muscle (suspensory ligament) join this tendon before its insertion on the '''extensor process''' of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal phalanx]].  The long digital extensor tendon is joined by the lateral digital extensor tendon in the proximal metatarsal region.
+The long digital extensor tendon extends distally on the dorsolateral aspect of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|tarsus]]  and [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|metatarsus]] , surrounded by a synovial sheath from mid-[[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|tarsus]] to 3-4cm distal to the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|tarsus]] . The branches of the interosseous muscle (suspensory ligament) join this tendon before its insertion on the '''extensor process''' of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal phalanx]].  The long digital extensor tendon is joined by the lateral digital extensor tendon in the proximal metatarsal region.
 <br>

@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
 *'''Action''': Prevents fetlock hyperextension and limits palmar flexion
-The suspensory ligament (middle interosseous muscle) is an entirely tendinous structure. The SL originates on the proximal aspect of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metacarpal]](cannon) and distal [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Carpal Bones|carpal bones]].  It lies within the groove between the second and fourth [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|metacarpals]](splint bones), deep to the SDFT and DDFT. Running distally, it bifurcates into two extensor branches which insert on the proximal sesamoid bones. Each branch extends laterally and medially, either side of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Thoracic Limb|metacarpophalangeal]] (feltlock) joint, to join the common digital extensor tendon. The major function of the SL is as part of the '''suspensory apparatus'''. It provides support to the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Thoracic Limb|metacarpophalangeal]](fetlock) joint by preventing hyperextension and also limits palmar flexion.
+The suspensory ligament (middle interosseous muscle) is an entirely tendinous structure. The SL originates on the proximal aspect of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metacarpal]] (cannon) and distal [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Carpal Bones|carpal bones]].  It lies within the groove between the second and fourth [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|metacarpals]] (splint bones), deep to the SDFT and DDFT. Running distally, it bifurcates into two extensor branches which insert on the proximal sesamoid bones. Each branch extends laterally and medially, either side of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Thoracic Limb|metacarpophalangeal]] (feltlock) joint, to join the common digital extensor tendon. The major function of the SL is as part of the '''suspensory apparatus'''. It provides support to the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Thoracic Limb|metacarpophalangeal]] (fetlock) joint by preventing hyperextension and also limits palmar flexion.
 [[Image:Equine thoracic limb tendons ML.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Tendons of the thoracic limb, mediolateral view''']]