Tetanus - Dog - Revision history

Bara: /* References */

2014-08-31T17:46:13Z

References

Bara at 19:56, 19 July 2012

2012-07-19T19:56:37Z

Bara: Text replace - "Category:Dog - Neurological System" to "Category:Neurological Diseases - Dog"

2010-12-16T15:53:04Z

Text replace - "Category:Dog - Neurological System" to "Category:Neurological Diseases - Dog"

Bara: Text replace - "Category:Musculoskeletal Pathology - Dog" to "Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Dog"

2010-12-16T15:48:57Z

Text replace - "Category:Musculoskeletal Pathology - Dog" to "Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Dog"

Bara: Text replace - "Category:Dog - Musculoskeletal System" to "Category:Musculoskeletal Pathology - Dog"

2010-12-15T17:51:38Z

Text replace - "Category:Dog - Musculoskeletal System" to "Category:Musculoskeletal Pathology - Dog"

Bara at 14:00, 15 December 2010

2010-12-15T14:00:04Z

Bara at 13:31, 29 November 2010

2010-11-29T13:31:29Z

Bara at 13:28, 29 November 2010

2010-11-29T13:28:48Z

Bara at 13:27, 29 November 2010

2010-11-29T13:27:06Z

Signarski at 21:47, 7 July 2010

2010-07-07T21:47:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:46, 31 August 2014
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	[[Category:Expert Review]]		[[Category:Expert Review]]

−	[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Dog]]	+	[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Dog]]
		+	[[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Dog]]
		+	[[Category:Other Oral Conditions]]

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-{{review}}
+{{OpenPagesTop}}
 Also known as: '''''Lockjaw
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 Localised tetanus carries a more favourable prognosis with a 90% survival rate. The prognosis associated with generalised tetanus is poorer, with a survival rate of 50%.
-==Literature Search==
+{{Learning
-[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]
+|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=(title:(tetanus)+OR+title:(%22Clostridium+tetani%22))+AND+od:(dogs) Tetanus in dogs publications]
+}}
 ==References==
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 * Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition)''' ''Merial''
 [[Category:Expert Review]]
 [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Dog]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:53, 16 December 2010
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	[[Category:Expert Review]]		[[Category:Expert Review]]

−	[[Category:Dog ~~- Neurological System~~]][[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Dog]]	+	[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Dog]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:48, 16 December 2010
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	[[Category:Expert Review]]		[[Category:Expert Review]]

−	[[Category:Dog - Neurological System]][[Category:Musculoskeletal ~~Pathology~~ - Dog]]	+	[[Category:Dog - Neurological System]][[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Dog]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:51, 15 December 2010
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	[[Category:Expert Review]]		[[Category:Expert Review]]

−	[[Category:Dog - Neurological System]][[Category:Dog ~~- Musculoskeletal System~~]]	+	[[Category:Dog - Neurological System]][[Category:Musculoskeletal Pathology - Dog]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:00, 15 December 2010
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	[[Category:Expert Review]]		[[Category:Expert Review]]

−	[[Category:Dog]]	+	[[Category:Dog - Neurological System]][[Category:Dog - Musculoskeletal System]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:31, 29 November 2010
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	Localised tetanus carries a more favourable prognosis with a 90% survival rate. The prognosis associated with generalised tetanus is poorer, with a survival rate of 50%.		Localised tetanus carries a more favourable prognosis with a 90% survival rate. The prognosis associated with generalised tetanus is poorer, with a survival rate of 50%.
		+
		+	==Literature Search==
		+	[[File:CABI logo.jpg\|left\|90px]]
		+
		+
		+	Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
		+	<br><br><br>
		+	[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=(title:(tetanus)+OR+title:(%22Clostridium+tetani%22))+AND+od:(dogs) Tetanus in dogs publications]

	==References==		==References==

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 The approach to treatment in the dog is similar to that described for the horse. It is important however to exercise caution in the intravenous administration of equine tetanus antitoxin, as this may cause anaphylaxis if used in dogs. An intradermal test may be performed prior to the administration of the antitoxin in order to prevent this. '''Metronidazole''' and '''amoxicillin-clavulanic acid''' PO have been used successfully to treat tetanus in the dog. Corticosteroids are contraindicated in localised tetanus and may worsen clinical signs if administered.
-Noise and external stimuli should be kept to a minimum, and the dog should be kept in a quiet, darkened kennel. '''Acetylpromazine''' has also been reported to reduce sensitivity to external stimuli and its administration is likely to be beneficial in these cases. Supportive nursing care such as catheterisation and/or enemas may be required, as well as assistance with eating and drinking. Bedding should be thick and changed regularly, and the patient should be turned regularly in order to prevent decubital ulcer formation. Physiotherapy may be benefical during the recovery period.
+Noise and external stimuli should be kept to a minimum, and the dog should be kept in a quiet, darkened kennel. '''Acetylpromazine''' has also been reported to reduce sensitivity to external stimuli and its administration is likely to be beneficial in these cases. Supportive nursing care such as catheterisation and/or enemas may be required, as well as assistance with eating and drinking. Bedding should be thick and changed regularly, and the patient should be turned regularly in order to prevent decubital ulcer formation. Physiotherapy may be beneficial during the recovery period.
 ==Prognosis==

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-{{unfinished}}
+{{review}}
-{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
+Also known as: '''''Lockjaw
+==Introduction==
 Tetanus is a rare disease in dogs, and the disease pathophysiology is similar to that described in other mammalian species. The causal agent of tetanus in the dog is the neurotoxin of the gram-positive bacterium ''[[Clostridium tetani]]''. Infection occurs due to initial contamination of a wound by the bacteria, followed by replication due to the favourable anerobic conditions provided by damamged wound tissues. Tetanospasmin (neurotoxin) produced by the bacteria is transported to distant sites via the circulation and by retrograde axonal transport along peripheral nerves. This causes inhibition of the release of GABA and glycine from interneurons in the spinal cord and brain, resulting in persistent rigidity of striated muscle.
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 Because of their high natural resistance to tetanospasmin (compared to the horse and man), affected dogs may have a longer incubation period and clinical signs may be mild; a change in gait may be the only reported abnormality. The localised form of tetanus that develops in the dog may be difficult to diagnose, particularly if no wound is apparent. Unlike the generalised spastic paralysis described in horses, dogs may present with a wound to a single limb (often a thoracic limb) and unyielding stiffness or rigidity in the surrounding area. The rigidity may spread to the contralateral limb and then begin to advance cranially, becoming generalised as the disease progresses. As reported in horses, dogs may display hypersensitivity to auditory or tactile stimuli. Affected animals have also been reported to display caudal displacement of the ears and wrinkling of the forehead. Prolapse of the nictating membranes, trismus (excess jaw tone) and retracted lips (risus sardonicus) are other clinical features.
 ==Diagnosis==
-As described above, a history of trauma and unrelenting muscular spasm in a localised area is often described in cases of tetanus in dogs. An obvious wound may help to increase suspicion of tetanus, particularly if the wound is necrotic or infected. In this species, diagnosis is often based on clinical judgement rather than laboratory tests, as these may add little useful diagnostic information. In occasional cases, ''C. tetani'' may be cultured from a wound, but this may be impossible if healing has occurred or a wound is not apparent. An important clinical feature of tetanus in dogs that may aid diagnosis in hindsight is that of slow but complete resolution of muscular spasm over a lengthy period of time (weeks or months).
+As described above, a history of trauma and unrelenting muscular spasm in a localised area is often described in cases of tetanus in dogs. An obvious wound may help to increase suspicion of tetanus, particularly if the wound is necrotic or infected. In this species, diagnosis is often based on clinical judgement rather than laboratory tests, as these may add little useful diagnostic information. In occasional cases, ''C. tetani'' may be cultured from a wound, but this may not be impossible if healing has occurred or a wound is not apparent. An important clinical feature of tetanus in dogs that may aid diagnosis in hindsight is that of slow but complete resolution of muscular spasm over a lengthy period of time (weeks or months).
 Other neurological diseases causing limb spasticity may need to investigated; myelography for example will assist in ruling out an extramedullary lesion. A complete blood cell count, serum biochemistry, survey radiographs of the thoracic spine and serology for protozoal diseases should also be performed in order to exclude other neurological diagnoses.
-Electromyography may be used to help to support a presumptive diagnosis of tetanus. Abnormalities relating to a defect in glycinergic inhibition, including the presence of "doublets" (double discharges of the same motor unit at
+Electromyography may be used to help to support a presumptive diagnosis of tetanus. Abnormalities relating to a defect in glycinergic inhibition, including the presence of "doublets" (double discharges of the same motor unit at short intervals) and simultaneous activity in both flexor and extensor muscles, may be detected.
 ==Treatment==
-The approach to treatment in the dog is similar to that described for the horse. It is important however to exercise caution in the intravenous administration of equine tetanus antitoxin, as this may cause anaphylaxis if used in dogs. An intradermal test may be performed prior to the administration of the antitoxin in order to prevent this. Metronidazole and amoxcillin-clavulanic acid PO have been used successfully to treat tetanus in the dog. Corticosteroids are contraindicated in localised tetanus and may worsen clinical signs if administered.
+The approach to treatment in the dog is similar to that described for the horse. It is important however to exercise caution in the intravenous administration of equine tetanus antitoxin, as this may cause anaphylaxis if used in dogs. An intradermal test may be performed prior to the administration of the antitoxin in order to prevent this. '''Metronidazole''' and '''amoxicillin-clavulanic acid''' PO have been used successfully to treat tetanus in the dog. Corticosteroids are contraindicated in localised tetanus and may worsen clinical signs if administered.
 ==Prognosis==
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+[[Category:Expert Review]]
 [[Category:Dog]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:47, 7 July 2010
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	[[Category:To_Do_-_SophieIgnarski]]		[[Category:To_Do_-_SophieIgnarski]]
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		+	[[Category:Dog]]