Total Water Balance - Physiology - Revision history

Bara at 14:28, 5 July 2012

2012-07-05T14:28:55Z

Bara at 14:17, 10 December 2010

2010-12-10T14:17:20Z

Bara at 14:15, 10 December 2010

2010-12-10T14:15:04Z

Bara at 13:06, 31 August 2010

2010-08-31T13:06:36Z

Lwyatri at 20:29, 21 August 2008

2008-08-21T20:29:42Z

Lwyatri: /* Water Gain and Loss */

2008-08-19T16:36:02Z

Water Gain and Loss

Lwyatri: /* Water Locations */

2008-08-19T16:29:11Z

Water Locations

Lwyatri: /* Animal Differences */

2008-08-19T16:28:25Z

Animal Differences

Lwyatri: /* Water Gain and Loss */

2008-08-16T14:16:37Z

Water Gain and Loss

Lwyatri at 13:27, 16 August 2008

2008-08-16T13:27:23Z

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ==Introduction==
@@ Line 51: / Line 52: @@
 Water intake during lactation increases significantly even over and above the requirement for milk.  To produce 31l of milk and cow needs to take in an extra 57l of water.  This is thought to be because of an increased loss from the airways, skin and faeces.
+{{OpenPages}}
 [[Category:Water Balance and Homeostasis]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:17, 10 December 2010
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−	~~{{toplink~~
−	~~\|backcolour = C1F0F6~~
−	~~\|linkpage =Water Balance and Homeostasis - Physiology~~
−	~~\|linktext =WATER MAIN PAGE~~
−	~~\|maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology~~
−	}}
−	~~<br>~~
	==Introduction==		==Introduction==

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−	[[Category:~~Urinary System~~]]	+	[[Category:Water Balance and Homeostasis]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:15, 10 December 2010
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	It is best that the fluid surrounding the cells remains fairly constant. If volume is varied dramatically then it has major knock on effects on the blood pressure and perfusion of the organs and tissue.		It is best that the fluid surrounding the cells remains fairly constant. If volume is varied dramatically then it has major knock on effects on the blood pressure and perfusion of the organs and tissue.
		+
		+	==The Importance of Maintaining Adequate Levels of Water==
		+
		+	====Too Little Water====
		+
		+	* Inadequate perfusion due to low blood volume
		+	* A build up of waste products due to insufficient urine volume
		+	* Increased solute concentrations affect cell function
		+	* Inability to sweat and control body temperature
		+	* Death
		+
		+	====Too Much Water====
		+
		+	* Oedema
		+	* Increased blood volume and therefore pressure could damage the CVS
		+	* A decrease in solute concentrations disrupt normal cell function

	==Inter-Animal Differences==		==Inter-Animal Differences==

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 |linktext =WATER MAIN PAGE
 |maplink = Urinary System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology
 }}
 <br>
@@ Line 42: / Line 41: @@
 Water intake during lactation increases significantly even over and above the requirement for milk.  To produce 31l of milk and cow needs to take in an extra 57l of water.  This is thought to be because of an increased loss from the airways, skin and faeces.

@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 ==Water Gain and Loss==
-Water volume varies very little from day to day suggesting intake is equal to loss.  Water is gained from three sources - drinking, food and metabolic water.  In the periods between water intake ADH is secreted because the osmolarity of the plasma increases.  Once the osmolarity reaches a certain threshold the thirst centre makes thr animal drink.  However intake is not under precise control.  Metabolic water is derived from the oxidation of hydrogen within cells and represents about 8-12% of an animals water supply.  However this can be quite extreme.  For example the kangaroo rat survives almost fully on this metabolic water.
+Water volume varies very little from day to day suggesting intake is equal to loss.  Water is gained from three sources - drinking, food and metabolic water.  In the periods between water intake ADH is secreted because the osmolarity of the plasma increases.  Once the osmolarity reaches a certain threshold the thirst centre makes the animal drink.  However intake is not under precise control.  Metabolic water is derived from the oxidation of hydrogen within cells and represents about 8-12% of an animals water supply.  However this can be quite extreme.  For example the kangaroo rat survives almost fully on this metabolic water.
 If water gain and loss is to be balanced then the loss needs to be adjusted to match the variable intake.  Water is lost from, 4/5 main areas - the body surface, the airways, faeces, urine and lactation <sub>(if applicable)</sub>.
@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 ===Water Loss Through the Faeces===
-This is minimal in omnivores and carnivores but of major importantance to herbivorous species.  It is not really under physiological control with regards to water balance and as such is not a viable means of adjusting the output to match the intake.
+This is minimal in omnivores and carnivores but of major importance to herbivorous species.  It is not really under physiological control with regards to water balance and as such is not a viable means of adjusting the output to match the intake.
 ===[[Aquaporins of the Kidney and Water Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology|Renal Regulation of Water Loss]]===

@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 ==Water Gain and Loss==
-Water volume varies very little from day to day suggesting intake is equal to loss.  Water is gained from three sources - drinking, food and metabolic water.  In the periods between water intake ADH is secreted because the osmolarity of the plasma increases.  Once the osmolarity reaches a certain threshold the thirst centre makes to animal drink.  However intake is not under precise control.  Metabolic water is derived from the oxidation of hydrogen within cells and represents about 8-12% of an animals water supply.  However this can be quite extreme.  For example the kangaroo rat survives almost fully on this metabolic water.
+Water volume varies very little from day to day suggesting intake is equal to loss.  Water is gained from three sources - drinking, food and metabolic water.  In the periods between water intake ADH is secreted because the osmolarity of the plasma increases.  Once the osmolarity reaches a certain threshold the thirst centre makes thr animal drink.  However intake is not under precise control.  Metabolic water is derived from the oxidation of hydrogen within cells and represents about 8-12% of an animals water supply.  However this can be quite extreme.  For example the kangaroo rat survives almost fully on this metabolic water.
-If water gain and loss is to be balanced then the loss need to be adjusted to match the variable intake.  Water is lost from, 4/5 main areas - the body surface, the airways, faeces, urine and lactation <sub>(if applicable)</sub>.
+If water gain and loss is to be balanced then the loss needs to be adjusted to match the variable intake.  Water is lost from, 4/5 main areas - the body surface, the airways, faeces, urine and lactation <sub>(if applicable)</sub>.
 ===Insensible Water Loss===
-'''Insensible water loss''' is water loss which cannot be sensed by the individual and tend to be a response to thermoregulation rather than being a regulated process of water homeostasis.  It includes evaporation from the skin and epithelial surfaces of the airways and varies with environmental temperature and humidity as well as air movement.  The main losses being from sweating and increased respiration.
+Insensible water loss is water loss which cannot be sensed by the individual and tends to be a response to thermoregulation rather than being a regulated process of water homeostasis.  It includes evaporation from the skin and epithelial surfaces of the airways and varies with environmental temperature and humidity as well as air movement.  The main losses being from sweating and increased respiration.
 ===Water Loss Through the Faeces===
-This is minimal in omnivores and carnivores but of major important to herbivorous species.  It is not really under physiological control with regards to water balance and as such is not a viable means to adjusting the output to match to intake.
+This is minimal in omnivores and carnivores but of major importantance to herbivorous species.  It is not really under physiological control with regards to water balance and as such is not a viable means of adjusting the output to match the intake.
 ===[[Aquaporins of the Kidney and Water Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology|Renal Regulation of Water Loss]]===
-Only the kidenys are capable of precise adjustment of water loss to compensate for the variation in water intake.  However a minimum amount must always be excreted to remove the waste.  For example of '''70kg human''' produced '''600mosmol''' of solutes every 24 hours even without food.  This is mainly Urea, Uric acid, phosphate, creatine, creatinine other waste products and ions.  In humans the maximum urine osmolarity is '''1200mosmol/l''' therefore their is a minimum water loss of '''500ml''' even when no food or water is available.  When this is added to another '''500ml in the exhaled air''' and '''400ml evaporated''' from the body surfaces a person loses 1400ml of water per 24 hours.  This is the '''inevitable water loss.'''  '''300ml of metabolic water''' is produced per 24 hours in this person leaving an '''1100ml''' deficit to be compensated for by drinking.
+Only the kidneys are capable of precise adjustment of water loss to compensate for the variation in water intake.  However a minimum amount must always be excreted to remove the waste.  For example a '''70kg human''' produces '''600mosmol''' of solutes every 24 hours even without food.  This is mainly Urea, Uric acid, phosphate, creatine, creatinine other waste products and ions.  In humans the maximum urine osmolarity is '''1200mosmol/l''' therefore there is a minimum water loss of '''500ml''' even when no food or water is available.  When this is added to another '''500ml in the exhaled air''' and '''400ml evaporated''' from the body surfaces a person loses 1400ml of water per 24 hours.  This is the '''inevitable water loss.'''  '''300ml of metabolic water''' is produced per 24 hours in this person leaving an '''1100ml''' deficit to be compensated for by drinking.
 ===Water Intake and Lactation===
-Water intake during lactation increases significantly even over and aboce the requirement for milk.  To produce 31l of milk and cow needs to take an extra 57l of water.  This is thought to be because of an increased loss from the airways, skin and faeces.
+Water intake during lactation increases significantly even over and above the requirement for milk.  To produce 31l of milk and cow needs to take in an extra 57l of water.  This is thought to be because of an increased loss from the airways, skin and faeces.

@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 ==Water Locations==
-Although 65% of water is found intracellulary there is a significant quantity in the digestive and urinary tracts.  In ruminants this could equal the volume of the interstial fluid.  This water is not easy to mobilise but can be if required to stabilise blood volume.
+Although 65% of water is found intracellulary there is a significant quantity in the digestive and urinary tracts.  In ruminants this could equal the volume of the interstial fluid.  This water is not easy to mobilise but can be if it is required to stabilise blood volume.
 ==Water Gain and Loss==

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 It is best that the fluid surrounding the cells remains fairly constant.  If volume is varied dramatically then it has major knock on effects on the blood pressure and perfusion of the organs and tissue.
-==Animal Differences==
+==Inter-Animal Differences==
-There are differences in water content between the many tissue which make up the body.  Tissue which have low metabolic activity such as adipose tissue and bone have relatively lower water content.  This leads to a variation in water between individuals for example a very fat cow may only have a 40% body water content compared to 70% in a lean cow.  There is also an age difference.  Young animals tend to have a high body water content where as older well nourished animal have a lower.
+There are differences in water content between the many tissues which make up the body.  Tissues which have low metabolic activity such as adipose tissue and bone have relatively lower water content.  This leads to a variation in water between individuals for example a very fat cow may only have a 40% body water content compared to 70% in a lean cow.  There is also an age difference.  Young animals tend to have a high body water content where as older well nourished animal have a lower.
 Due to the differences in relative tissue distribution there is a sex related difference also.  Males which tend to have more muscle have a higher water content where as female which tend to have more adipose tissue have a lower.

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:27, 16 August 2008
Line 20:		Line 20:

	Although 65% of water is found intracellulary there is a significant quantity in the digestive and urinary tracts. In ruminants this could equal the volume of the interstial fluid. This water is not easy to mobilise but can be if required to stabilise blood volume.		Although 65% of water is found intracellulary there is a significant quantity in the digestive and urinary tracts. In ruminants this could equal the volume of the interstial fluid. This water is not easy to mobilise but can be if required to stabilise blood volume.
		+
		+	==Water Gain and Loss==
		+
		+	Water volume varies very little from day to day suggesting intake is equal to loss. Water is gained from three sources - drinking, food and metabolic water. In the periods between water intake ADH is secreted because the osmolarity of the plasma increases. Once the osmolarity reaches a certain threshold the thirst centre makes to animal drink. However intake is not under precise control. Metabolic water is derived from the oxidation of hydrogen within cells and represents about 8-12% of an animals water supply. However this can be quite extreme. For example the kangaroo rat survives almost fully on this metabolic water.
		+
		+	If water gain and loss is to be balanced then the loss need to be adjusted to match the variable intake. Water is lost from, 4/5 main areas - the body surface, the airways, faeces, urine and lactation <sub>(if applicable)</sub>.
		+
		+	===Insensible Water Loss===
		+
		+	Insensible water loss is water loss which cannot be sensed by the individual and tend to be a response to thermoregulation rather than being a regulated process of water homeostasis. It includes evaporation from the skin and epithelial surfaces of the airways and varies with environmental temperature and humidity as well as air movement. The main losses being from sweating and increased respiration.
		+
		+	===Water Loss Through the Faeces===
		+
		+	This is minimal in omnivores and carnivores but of major important to herbivorous species. It is not really under physiological control with regards to water balance and as such is not a viable means to adjusting the output to match to intake.
		+
		+	===[[Aquaporins of the Kidney and Water Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology\|Renal Regulation of Water Loss]]===
		+
		+	Only the kidenys are capable of precise adjustment of water loss to compensate for the variation in water intake. However a minimum amount must always be excreted to remove the waste. For example of 70kg human produced 600mosmol of solutes every 24 hours even without food. This is mainly Urea, Uric acid, phosphate, creatine, creatinine other waste products and ions. In humans the maximum urine osmolarity is 1200mosmol/l therefore their is a minimum water loss of 500ml even when no food or water is available. When this is added to another 500ml in the exhaled air and 400ml evaporated from the body surfaces a person loses 1400ml of water per 24 hours. This is the inevitable water loss. 300ml of metabolic water is produced per 24 hours in this person leaving an 1100ml deficit to be compensated for by drinking.
		+
		+	===Water Intake and Lactation===
		+
		+	Water intake during lactation increases significantly even over and aboce the requirement for milk. To produce 31l of milk and cow needs to take an extra 57l of water. This is thought to be because of an increased loss from the airways, skin and faeces.