Traumatic Eye Injuries - Birds - Revision history

Fiorecastro at 16:50, 3 January 2023

2023-01-03T16:50:46Z

Fiorecastro at 16:50, 3 January 2023

2023-01-03T16:50:19Z

Bara at 14:34, 20 July 2012

2012-07-20T14:34:04Z

Bara at 22:07, 24 August 2011

2011-08-24T22:07:52Z

Bara at 22:49, 18 August 2011

2011-08-18T22:49:36Z

HelenD at 14:51, 1 August 2011

2011-08-01T14:51:59Z

HelenD: /* References */

2011-08-01T14:38:16Z

References

HelenD: Created page with "==Eyelid injuries== The skin over the whole of the skull in most birds is '''not very elastic''' and is '''adherent to bone'''. Any wound more than a few days old tends to '''con..."

2011-07-25T16:08:52Z

Created page with "==Eyelid injuries== The skin over the whole of the skull in most birds is '''not very elastic''' and is '''adherent to bone'''. Any wound more than a few days old tends to '''con..."

New page

==Eyelid injuries==
The skin over the whole of the skull in most birds is '''not very elastic''' and is '''adherent to bone'''. Any wound more than a few days old tends to '''contract and fibrose'''.

The '''lower eyelid''' of birds is the most mobile and special care should be taken to restore its anatomy if it has been traumatised. Even small wounds should be treated '''surgically''' under local anaesthesia using monofilament non-absorbable suture material.

==Nictitating membrane injuries==
It is well developed, and if damaged this can have severe consequences due to its role in '''spreading the pre-corneal tear film''', protective blinking and cleaning of the corneal surface.

It is commonly traumatised in birds of prey, and should be evaluated in raptors with slow-healing corneal problems.

Lesions should be surgically corrected under general anaesthesia.

'''Foreign bodies''' can also become lodged between the lower eyelid and the nictitating membrane, and can easily be removed under local anaesthesia.

==Eye globe and corneal injuries==
The eye globe is very large in birds with a large posterior segment and a small anterior segment and cornea.

Corneal injuries and keratitis occus in raptors during '''accidental collisions''', and in other birds during transport.

Severe corneal injuries might benefit from a '''temporary tarsorrhaphy'''.

==Iris and uvea injuries==
Tears in the iris and uvea are commonly seen in raptors after trauma. '''Hyphema and vitreous haemorrhage''' can be extensive and the sceral ossicles can occasionally fracture.

'''Secondary cataract''' will develop if iridal tissue damage is extensive. It should be differentiated from congenital cataract associated with microphthalmus, inherited cataract and cataract associated with old age.

Treatment is possibly via '''extracapsular cataract extraction''', but vision is not always fully restored.

==Lens luxation==
This is usually seen in very '''severely traumatised eyes'''. It leads to further '''uveitis''' due to leakage of the lens protein into the anterior chamber and '''phacoemulsification''' might be necessary to remove the lens if there is no response to '''non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication'''.

==Retinal trauma==
'''Retinal detachment and tearing''' can be seen after accidents and gun shot wounds.

The temporarily blind bird should be isolated in a cage and given corticosteroids to halt any inflammatory processes. Trauma to the posterior segment of the eye is usually '''treated conservatively''' and conditions such as vitreous haemorrhage may take weeks to dissolve.

==Enucleation==
This might be necessary in a '''severely damaged eye''' and is performed following lateral canthotomy by collapsing the glove through corneal incision and removal of the lens and vitreous.

Care should be taken to avoid the interorbital septum and the optic nerve of the other eye.

Profuse bleeding from the medial plexus can be controlled by inserting haemostatis sponges.

'''Wild birds''' with reduced vision '''cannot be safely released back into their natural habitat''' and will have to adapt to a life in captivity. This might be especially '''difficult in birds of prey'''.

==References==
Coles, B. (2007) '''Essentials of avian medicine and surgery''' ''John Wiley and Sons''

Doneley, R. (2010) '''Avian medicine and surgery in practice: companion and aviary birds''' ''Manson Publishing''

Samour, J. (2000) '''Avian medicine''' ''Elsevier Health Sciences''

[[Category:To Do - Helen]]
[[Category:To Do - Review]]

@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
 ==Webinars==
-<rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/opththalmology/webinars/feed</rss>
+<rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/ophthalmology/webinars/feed</rss>
 [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Birds]]
 [[Category:Expert Review - Bird]]

@@ Line 60: / Line 60: @@
 {{review}}
-{{OpenPages}}
+==Webinars==
 [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Birds]]
 [[Category:Expert Review - Bird]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ==Eyelid Injuries==
 The skin over the whole of the skull in most birds is '''not very elastic''' and is '''adherent to bone'''. Any wound more than a few days old tends to '''contract and fibrose'''.
@@ Line 58: / Line 59: @@
 {{review}}
 [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Birds]]
 [[Category:Expert Review - Bird]]

@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 {{review}}
 [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Birds]]
-[[Category:Expert Review - Exotics]]
+[[Category:Expert Review - Bird]]

@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 '''Wild birds''' with reduced vision '''cannot be safely released back into their natural habitat''' and will have to adapt to a life in captivity. This might be especially '''difficult in birds of prey'''.
 {{Learning
 |flashcards = [[Avian Medicine Q&A 17]]
 }}
 Coles, B. (2007) '''Essentials of avian medicine and surgery''' ''John Wiley and Sons''

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-==Eyelid injuries==
+==Eyelid Injuries==
 The skin over the whole of the skull in most birds is '''not very elastic''' and is '''adherent to bone'''. Any wound more than a few days old tends to '''contract and fibrose'''.
 The '''lower eyelid''' of birds is the most mobile and special care should be taken to restore its anatomy if it has been traumatised. Even small wounds should be treated '''surgically''' under local anaesthesia using monofilament non-absorbable suture material.
-==Nictitating membrane injuries==
+==Nictitating Membrane Injuries==
-It is well developed, and if damaged this can have severe consequences due to its role in '''spreading the pre-corneal tear film''', protective blinking and cleaning of the corneal surface.
+It is well developed, and if damaged, can have severe consequences due to its role in '''spreading the pre-corneal tear film'', protective blinking and cleaning of the corneal surface.
 It is commonly traumatised in birds of prey, and should be evaluated in raptors with slow-healing corneal problems.
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 '''Foreign bodies''' can also become lodged between the lower eyelid and the nictitating membrane, and can easily be removed under local anaesthesia.
-==Eye globe and corneal injuries==
+==Eye Globe and Corneal Injuries==
 The eye globe is very large in birds with a large posterior segment and a small anterior segment and cornea.
@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 Severe corneal injuries might benefit from a '''temporary tarsorrhaphy'''.
-==Iris and uvea injuries==
+==Iris and Uvea Injuries==
-Tears in the iris and uvea are commonly seen in raptors after trauma. '''Hyphema and vitreous haemorrhage''' can be extensive and the sceral ossicles can occasionally fracture.
+Tears in the iris and uvea are commonly seen in raptors after trauma. '''Hyphema and vitreous haemorrhage''' can be extensive and the screlar ossicles can occasionally fracture.
 '''Secondary cataract''' will develop if iridal tissue damage is extensive. It should be differentiated from congenital cataract associated with microphthalmus, inherited cataract and cataract associated with old age.
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 Treatment is possibly via '''extracapsular cataract extraction''', but vision is not always fully restored.
-==Lens luxation==
+==Lens Luxation==
 This is usually seen in very '''severely traumatised eyes'''. It leads to further '''uveitis''' due to leakage of the lens protein into the anterior chamber and '''phacoemulsification''' might be necessary to remove the lens if there is no response to '''non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication'''.
-==Retinal trauma==
+==Retinal Trauma==
 '''Retinal detachment and tearing''' can be seen after accidents and gun shot wounds.
@@ Line 56: / Line 56: @@
 Samour, J. (2000) '''Avian medicine''' ''Elsevier Health Sciences''
-[[Category:To Do - Helen]]
-[[Category:To Do - Review]]
+{{review}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:38, 1 August 2011
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	==References==		==References==
		+	{{Learning
		+	\|flashcards = [[Avian Medicine Q&A 17]]
		+	}}
		+
	Coles, B. (2007) '''Essentials of avian medicine and surgery''' ''John Wiley and Sons''		Coles, B. (2007) '''Essentials of avian medicine and surgery''' ''John Wiley and Sons''