Turkey Coronavirus - Revision history

Bara at 17:42, 17 August 2012

2012-08-17T17:42:15Z

Bara: Text replace - "Category:CABI Expert Review Completed" to "Category:CABI Expert Review CompletedCategory:CABI AHPC Pages"

2012-04-13T15:11:25Z

Text replace - "Category:CABI Expert Review Completed" to "Category:CABI Expert Review Completed Category:CABI AHPC Pages"

Bara at 23:21, 8 December 2011

2011-12-08T23:21:19Z

HelenD: /* Distribution */

2011-10-07T08:47:39Z

Distribution

Bara at 22:03, 8 September 2011

2011-09-08T22:03:38Z

HelenD: /* Clinical Signs */

2011-08-25T14:50:32Z

Clinical Signs

HelenD at 08:47, 25 August 2011

2011-08-25T08:47:14Z

HelenD at 07:05, 24 August 2011

2011-08-24T07:05:41Z

Bara: /* References */

2011-08-14T21:27:15Z

References

Bara: /* References */

2011-07-05T14:37:06Z

References

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 {{Podcasts
 |link = https://bloomsbury.mediacore.tv/media/turkey-coronavirus}}
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 |date = 23 August 2011
 }}
 [[Category:Coronaviridae]]

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 [[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Birds]]
 [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Birds]]
-[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]]
+[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:21, 8 December 2011
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		+	{{Podcasts
		+	\|link = https://bloomsbury.mediacore.tv/media/turkey-coronavirus}}
		+
	Also Known As: '''''TCoV — Bluecomb Disease Virus — Turkey Enteritis Virus — Transmissible Enteritis Virus — Turkey Coronaviral Enteritis — TCE'''''		Also Known As: '''''TCoV — Bluecomb Disease Virus — Turkey Enteritis Virus — Transmissible Enteritis Virus — Turkey Coronaviral Enteritis — TCE'''''

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 ==Distribution==
-Turkey Coronaviral enteritis, (TCE) has been reported in North American, Europe (including the UK) and Brazil.
+Turkey Coronaviral enteritis, (TCE) has been reported in North America, Europe (including the UK) and Brazil.
 Transmission is via the '''faecal-oral route''' and can be spread by people, vehicles and vermin.

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 <br><br>
-This article was reviewed by Prof Dave Cavanagh BSc, PhD, DSc on 23/08/11.
+{{Dave Cavanagh
 [[Category:Coronaviridae]]
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 [[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Birds]]
 [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Birds]]
-[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]
+[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]]

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 ==Clinical Signs==
-Disease is most severe and mortality highest in poults. The most common manifestation is of [[:Category:Alimentary Diseases - Birds|gastrointestinal disease]], causing '''white, green or yellow [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]], anorexia, inappetance and malaise.''' Concurrent dehydration, hypothermia, pyrexia and weakness may occur. The skin of adult birds is often seen to darken. Birds often exhibit a '''drooped wing appearance'''. Morbidity is usually 100% and bird are often seen to be huddling together. There is a rapid drop in egg production in breeders.
+Disease is most severe and mortality highest in poults. The most common manifestation is of [[:Category:Alimentary Diseases - Birds|gastrointestinal disease]], causing '''white, green or yellow [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]], anorexia, inappetance and malaise.''' Concurrent dehydration, hypothermia, pyrexia and weakness may occur. The skin of adult birds is often seen to darken. Birds often exhibit a '''drooped wing appearance'''. Morbidity is usually 100% and birds are often seen to be huddling together. There is a rapid drop in egg production in breeders.
 TCoV is also '''one of a group of pathogens''' associated with '''Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome (PEMS)''' which affects poults up to '''one month old''' in the USA causing huge spikes in mortality.
 Recovery begins after approximately 5 days but it may take several weeks to regain weight. Recovered birds will not become ill again but do '''shed the virus for months afterwards and may carry it for life.'''
 ==Diagnosis==

@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 Clinical signs are suggestive but not diagnostic of TCE or PEMS. Starvation and other viral pathogens can appear very similarly.
-At '''post-mortem''', birds with TCE have '''swollen, pale, flaccid duodenums and jejunums with a mononuclear cell infiltrate''' intraluminally. Epithelial lesions are most severe in the jejunum. '''Villous stunting and atrophy''' is evident on histological analysis. Nucleoli may appear pronounced in infected cells. Goblet cells decrease in number and epithelial separation may be seen.<ref>Adams, N. R., Ball, R. A., Hofstad, M. S (1970) '''Intestinal lesions in transmissible enteritis of turkeys.''' ''Avian Diseases'', 14:392-399.</ref>
+At '''post-mortem''', birds with TCE have '''swollen, pale, flaccid duodenums and jejunums with a mononuclear cell infiltrate''' intraluminally. Epithelial lesions are most severe in the jejunum. '''Villous stunting and atrophy''' is evident on histological analysis. Nucleoli may appear pronounced in infected cells. Goblet cells decrease in number and epithelial separation may be seen.
 '''Electron microscopy''' can be used to look for coronaviral particles in gut contents but this is often challenging. '''Indirect [[Immunofluorescence]] and immunoperoxidase staining''' using antibodies from convalescent turkeys can demonstrate TCoV in intestinal sections. A '''modified [[ELISA testing|ELISA]]''' is capable of detecting antibodies to TCoV, derived from a commercially available test, which is promising for disease screening in the future. '''Reverse PCR''' designed for [[Avian Infectious Bronchitis|IBV]] can also be used successfully for TCoV.
 ==Treatment==
-Ameliorative therapies include supplying '''heat, calf milk replacer, potassium chloride added to milk suspension, antibiotics and copper sulphate'''<ref>Nagaraja, K. V., Pomeroy, B.S (1997) '''Coronaviral enteritis of turkeys (bluecomb disease).''' In: Eds Calnek, B. W., Barnes, H. J., Beard, C. W., McDougald, L. R., Saif, Y. M. Disease of Poultry (10th ed.), ''Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa'' 686–692</ref> can all be used to help the affected birds.
+Ameliorative therapies include supplying '''heat, calf milk replacer, potassium chloride added to milk suspension, antibiotics and copper sulphate''' can all be used to help the affected birds.
 ==Control==
@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 ==References==
-<references/>
+Cook, J. (2007) '''Coronaviridae'''. In: '''Poultry Diseases, 6th Edition''' (eds. Pattison, M., McMullin, P., Bradbury, J., Alexander, D.) ''Saunders, Elsevier'', pp 340-349
 {{CABI source
 |datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=60953&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 turkey coronavirus] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/Default.aspx?site=160&page=2144&LoadModule=datasheet&CompID=3&dsID=88256 turkey coronavirus infections]
 |date = 21 June 2011
 }}
-<br><br><br>
+<br><br>
 [[Category:Coronaviridae]]
 [[Category:Avian Viruses]]
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 [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Birds]]
 [[Category:CABI Expert Review]]

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 ==Introduction==
-Turkey Coronaviruses are members of the '''[[Coronaviridae]]''' family and fall into two categories: '''Bovine Coronavirus-like turkey isolates (TCoV-B)''' and '''IBV-like Turkey Coronaviruses (TCoV-I).''' The TCoV-I viruses are very closely genetically related to '''[[Avian Infectious Bronchitis|Infectious Bronchitis Virus]].'''
+Turkey Coronaviruses are members of the '''[[Coronaviridae]]''' family are very closely genetically related to '''[[Avian Infectious Bronchitis|Infectious Bronchitis Virus]].'''
 '''[[Avian Alimentary System - Anatomy & Physiology|Gastrointestinal]] [[:Category:Alimentary Diseases - Birds|disease]]''' is the main result of coronavirus infection in turkeys.
@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 ==Distribution==
-Turkey Coronaviral enteritis, (TCE) caused by TCoV-B, has only been confirmed in the '''USA and Canada''' but TCoV-I has recently been isolated in Britain.
+Turkey Coronaviral enteritis, (TCE) has been reported in North American, Europe (including the UK) and Brazil.
 Transmission is via the '''faecal-oral route''' and can be spread by people, vehicles and vermin.
@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 ==Signalment==
 '''Poults''' are most severely affected by coronavirus infection.
 ==Clinical Signs==
-Disease is most severe and mortality highest in poults. The most common manifestation is of [[:Category:Alimentary Diseases - Birds|gastrointestinal disease]], causing '''white, green or yellow [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]], anorexia, inappetance and malaise.''' Concurrent dehydration, hypothermia, pyrexia and weakness may occur. The skin of adult birds is often seen to darken. Birds often exhibit a '''drooped wing appearance'''. Morbidity is usually 100% and bird are often seen to be huddling together.
+Disease is most severe and mortality highest in poults. The most common manifestation is of [[:Category:Alimentary Diseases - Birds|gastrointestinal disease]], causing '''white, green or yellow [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]], anorexia, inappetance and malaise.''' Concurrent dehydration, hypothermia, pyrexia and weakness may occur. The skin of adult birds is often seen to darken. Birds often exhibit a '''drooped wing appearance'''. Morbidity is usually 100% and bird are often seen to be huddling together. There is a rapid drop in egg production in breeders.
 TCoV is also '''one of a group of pathogens''' associated with '''Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome (PEMS)''' which affects poults up to '''one month old''' in the USA causing huge spikes in mortality.
-Recovery begins after approximately 5 days but it may take several weeks to regain weight. Recovered birds will not become ill again but do '''shed the virus for months afterwards and carry it for life.'''
+Recovery begins after approximately 5 days but it may take several weeks to regain weight. Recovered birds will not become ill again but do '''shed the virus for months afterwards and may carry it for life.'''
 ==Diagnosis==
 Clinical signs are suggestive but not diagnostic of TCE or PEMS. Starvation and other viral pathogens can appear very similarly.
-At '''post-mortem''', birds with TCE have '''swollen, pale, flaccid duodenums with a mononuclear cell infiltrate''' intraluminally. Epithelial lesions are most severe in the jejunum. '''Villous stunting and atrophy''' is evident on histological analysis. Nucleoli may appear pronounced in infected cells. Goblet cells decrease in number and epithelial separation may be seen.<ref>Adams, N. R., Ball, R. A., Hofstad, M. S (1970) '''Intestinal lesions in transmissible enteritis of turkeys.''' ''Avian Diseases'', 14:392-399.</ref>
+At '''post-mortem''', birds with TCE have '''swollen, pale, flaccid duodenums and jejunums with a mononuclear cell infiltrate''' intraluminally. Epithelial lesions are most severe in the jejunum. '''Villous stunting and atrophy''' is evident on histological analysis. Nucleoli may appear pronounced in infected cells. Goblet cells decrease in number and epithelial separation may be seen.<ref>Adams, N. R., Ball, R. A., Hofstad, M. S (1970) '''Intestinal lesions in transmissible enteritis of turkeys.''' ''Avian Diseases'', 14:392-399.</ref>
-'''Electron microscopy''' can be used to look for Coronaviral particles in gut contents but this is often challenging. '''Indirect [[Immunofluorescence]] and immunoperoxidase staining''' using antibodies from convalescent turkeys can demonstrate TCoV in intestinal sections. A '''modified [[ELISA testing|ELISA]]''' is capable of detecting antibodies to TCoV, derived from a commercially available test, which is promising for disease screening in the future. '''Reverse PCR''' designed for [[Avian Infectious Bronchitis|IBV]] can also be used successfully for TCoV-Is.
+'''Electron microscopy''' can be used to look for coronaviral particles in gut contents but this is often challenging. '''Indirect [[Immunofluorescence]] and immunoperoxidase staining''' using antibodies from convalescent turkeys can demonstrate TCoV in intestinal sections. A '''modified [[ELISA testing|ELISA]]''' is capable of detecting antibodies to TCoV, derived from a commercially available test, which is promising for disease screening in the future. '''Reverse PCR''' designed for [[Avian Infectious Bronchitis|IBV]] can also be used successfully for TCoV.
 ==Treatment==
@@ Line 40: / Line 36: @@
 No [[Vaccines|vaccine]] is available but birds that recover are immune for life.
-Because of the carrier state, farms should be '''depopulated''' after a TCE outbreak. Access to farms should be limited as part of '''general biosecurity''' measures and it should be considered that marketed birds have unknown TCoV status.
+Because of persistence within the flock, farms should be '''depopulated''' after a TCE outbreak. Access to farms should be limited as part of '''general biosecurity''' measures and it should be considered that marketed birds have unknown TCoV status.
 {{Learning