Urine Normal Composition - Revision history

Bara at 14:26, 5 July 2012

2012-07-05T14:26:07Z

Cuttysarc: /* Urine Specific Gravity */

2012-02-08T13:52:00Z

Urine Specific Gravity

Bara at 10:10, 14 April 2011

2011-04-14T10:10:08Z

Bara at 16:36, 10 December 2010

2010-12-10T16:36:30Z

Bara at 14:56, 10 December 2010

2010-12-10T14:56:09Z

Bara: moved Normal Composition of Urine - Anatomy & Physiology to Urine Normal Composition

2010-12-10T14:53:25Z

moved Normal Composition of Urine - Anatomy & Physiology to Urine Normal Composition

Bara at 14:52, 10 December 2010

2010-12-10T14:52:33Z

Suzannah.stacey: /* Microscopic Examination of Urine */

2010-09-17T18:46:21Z

Microscopic Examination of Urine

Suzannah.stacey: /* Introduction */

2010-09-17T18:44:40Z

Introduction

Suzannah.stacey at 18:43, 17 September 2010

2010-09-17T18:43:27Z

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ==Introduction==
 The testing and evaluation of urine composition is an essential diagnostic indicator for many diseases.  It is therefore essential to have an understanding of what is the normal composition of urine.
@@ Line 116: / Line 117: @@
 Text adapted from the Merck Veterinary Manual online reference table entitled Urine Volume and Specific Gravity
+{{OpenPages}}
 [[Category:Urine Production]]

@@ Line 62: / Line 62: @@
 <TR>
 <TD><center>Dog</center></TD>
-<TD><center>1.016-1.060</center></TD>
+<TD><center>1.016-1.040</center></TD>
 </TR>
 <TR>
 <TD BGCOLOR="#C1f0f6"><center>Cat</center></TD>
-<TD BGCOLOR="#C1f0f6"><center>1.020-1.040</center></TD>
+<TD BGCOLOR="#C1f0f6"><center>1.020-1.060</center></TD>
 </TR>
 <TR>

@@ Line 110: / Line 110: @@
 ==Microscopic Examination of Urine==
-[[LUT Obstruction - Pathology#Types of uroliths|Uroliths]] and casts can be seem on microscopic examination.  Neither of these are a normal finding.
+[[Urolithiasis|Uroliths]] and casts can be seem on microscopic examination.  Neither of these are a normal finding.
 The levels of bacteria that seen are very dependent on how sterile the procedure of urine collection has been, which part of the urinary tract the urine has been collected from and if an infection is present.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:36, 10 December 2010
Line 117:		Line 117:


−	[[Category:~~Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology~~]]	+	[[Category:Urine Production]]

@@ Line 112: / Line 112: @@
 [[LUT Obstruction - Pathology#Types of uroliths|Uroliths]] and casts can be seem on microscopic examination.  Neither of these are a normal finding.
 The levels of bacteria that seen are very dependent on how sterile the procedure of urine collection has been, which part of the urinary tract the urine has been collected from and if an infection is present.
 [[Category:Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology]]

← Older revision	Revision as of 14:53, 10 December 2010
(No difference)

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 The testing and evaluation of urine composition is an essential diagnostic indicator for many diseases.  It is therefore essential to have an understanding of what is the normal composition of urine.
-More informtion can be found at [[Urine Analysis - Pathology|urine analysis]] on the WikiPath section of the website.
+More information can be found at [[Urine Analysis - Pathology|urine analysis]] on the WikiPath section of the website.
 ==Normal Urine Volume==

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 |tablelink = Urinary System (Table) - Anatomy & Physiology
 }}
 ==Introduction==
 The testing and evaluation of urine composition is an essential diagnostic indicator for many diseases.  It is therefore essential to have an understanding of what is the normal composition of urine.
@@ Line 14: / Line 11: @@
 ==Normal Urine Volume==
 Below are the normal urine volumes for the common domestic species.  The units are '''ml/kg/day'''
 <TABLE CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="2" WIDTH="20%">
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 ==The Normal Appearance of Urine==
 Several pathological conditions can cause macroscopic changes to the urine.  It is therefore essential to appreciate the normal appearance of urine.  In many of the exotic species the urine has a very differant appearance and therefore use care when applying this to those species.
 ===Colour===
 In the majority of the domestic species the urine should be yellow in colour. The colour of the urine is very dependant on the '''urine specific gravity''' so it is important to account for this.  If the urine is more concentrated it will be darker in colour and visa versa as a general rule .  Equine urine can become brown if left standing.  Discoloured urine should be taken into consideration when carrying out tests which involve a colour change such as dipsticks.  The abnormal urine colour could affect the result.
 ===Turbidity===
 If the urine is not clear then this could indicate a variety of pathological states.  In the horse it is normal for it to be turbid due the mucous secreted in the renal pelvis and proximal ureters.
 ===Odour===
 It is normal for urine to have a slight odour from the ammonia.  The odour increases with concentration and in some species such as the cat a pungent urine is normal.  However a strong smelling urine could indicate a pathological state
 ==Urine Specific Gravity==
 Urine specific gravity is measured using a refractometer calibrated for veterinary use.
@@ Line 102: / Line 93: @@
 ==Urine Chemistry==
 The following are common chemicals or parameters whose levels in urine change in pathological vs normal conditions.  It is therefore important to appreciate their normal levels
 ====pH====
 In dogs and cats an acidc pH is normal.  In the ruminants and horses the opposite is true and the urine is alkali.  The pH does however vary with diet and medications as well as in pathological states so this needs to be accounted for.  The normal range is 5-9
 ====Protein====
 It is not common to find protein in the urine of normal animals.  However it can be normal for small amounts to be found in the urine of dogs with a high specific gravity.  Therefore this needs to be taken into account.
 ====Glucose====
 The presence of glucose in the urine is termed glucosuria and occurs when the level of glucose reaches the [[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucose|renal threshold]] for glucose reabsorption.  It is not normal to find glucose in the urine.
 ====Ketones====
 It is not normal for ketones to be present in the urine and they are indicative of pathological states
 ====Bilirubin and Urobilinogen====
 Small amounts of bilirubin can be found in dogs with concentrated urine therefore this needs to be interpreted in light of the urine specific gravity. However as a rule it is not normal to find bilirubin in urine.
@@ Line 128: / Line 113: @@
 ====Blood====
 The presence of blood in the urine is not normal and is usually related to a pathological state.
 ==Microscopic Examination of Urine==
 [[LUT Obstruction - Pathology#Types of uroliths|Uroliths]] and [[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Hyaline Degeneration|casts]] can be seem on microscopic examination.  Neither of these are a normal finding.
 The levels of bacteria that seen are very dependent on how sterile the procedure of urine collection has been, which part of the urinary tract the urine has been collected from and if an infection is present.