Venous Congestion - Revision history

Bara at 17:48, 17 October 2013

2013-10-17T17:48:32Z

Bara at 14:35, 15 February 2011

2011-02-15T14:35:11Z

Bara at 12:39, 15 February 2011

2011-02-15T12:39:54Z

Bara: Text replace - "[[Haemorrhage - Pathology" to "[[Haemorrhage"

2011-02-14T14:55:31Z

Text replace - "[[Haemorrhage - Pathology" to "[[Haemorrhage"

Bara: Text replace - "[[Oedema - Pathology" to "[[Oedema"

2011-02-14T14:39:25Z

Text replace - "[[Oedema - Pathology" to "[[Oedema"

Bara: Created page with "==Generalised (Systemic) Venous Congestion== * Usually associated with increased in circulation time due to cardiac pumping inefficiency. ** The cardiac inefficiency is usually..."

2011-02-14T14:26:39Z

Created page with "==Generalised (Systemic) Venous Congestion== * Usually associated with increased in circulation time due to cardiac pumping inefficiency. ** The cardiac inefficiency is usually..."

New page

==Generalised (Systemic) Venous Congestion==

* Usually associated with increased in circulation time due to cardiac pumping inefficiency.
** The cardiac inefficiency is usually the result of:
**# Cardiac disease, e.g.
**#* Valvular disease
**#* Myocardial degeneration
**#* Cardiac malformation
**# Increased pulmonary vascular resistance
**#* Due to fibrosis or emphysema.
** Reduced cardiac output gives an increased circulation time and a larger venous volume.
** The relative quantity of deoxygenated blood in tissues rises.
* Some organs are more susceptible to venous congestion than others.
** Lungs
** [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|Liver]]
** [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|Spleen]]
** Kidneys (to a lesser extent)).

===Pathology===

* Severe congestion results in increased size and weight of organs.
** Ultimately, [[Oedema - Pathology|oedema]] occurs.
* Encapsulated organs (e.g. [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]], [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]):
** Become swollen.
*** Turgid on palpation.
*** Have rounded free borders.
** Are frequently darker red or purple.
** Ooze dark (deoxygenated) blood on cut surface.
* [[Oedema - Pathology#Composition of Oedema Fluid|Oedema fluid]] may be seen (e.g. lung) if the condition is prolonged.
** E.g. in the lung.
* Accumulation of deoxygenated blood often results in cyanosis of tissues.
* Where the condition persists, hypoxia induces degenerative changes and fibrosis.
** Replacement of degenerate tissue by more compact fibrous tissue often leads to irregular surface depressions known as induration.
* Where changes are more insidious, cellular and organoid atrophy may occur with diminution in size.

===Sequelae===

* Severe congestion can induce:
** [[Oedema - Pathology|'''Oedema''']] '''formation'''
*** E.g. in the lung, associated with cardiac mitral valvular disease.
** '''Stagnation hypoxia and capillary damage '''
** Minor capillary [[Haemorrhage - Pathology|haemorrhage]] is induced by hypoxia.
*** Is often followed by [[Pigmentation and Calcification - Pathology#Haemosiderin|haemosiderin]] deposition.
** '''[[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Cellular Fatty Change|Fatty change]]'''
*** Degenerative change, characterised by [[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Cellular Fatty Change|fatty change]], occurs when whole parenchymatous organs are affected.
**** E.g. the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and kidneys.

==Localised Venous Congestion==

* Affects individual organs or tissues.
* May be
** Acute
*** E.g. due to sudden blockage of drainage.
** More chronic.
*** A slower but progressive blockage to venous drainage.
*** May result in tissue atrophy.

===Causes===

# '''Extra-vascular pressure''', for example
#* Ligatures or bandages.
#* Adjacent masses
#** [[Neoplasia - Pathology|Tumours]]
#** [[Purulent Inflammation|Abscesses]]
#** [[Granulomatous Inflammation|Granulomas]]
#* Organ displacements or torsions.
# '''Intra-vascular obstruction'''
#* [[Thrombosis|Thrombosis]] or [[Embolism|embolism]].
# '''Vasculitis'''
#* Inflammation in and around the vessel wall (phlebitis).
#* May be iatrogenic.

===Gross===

* The affected organs or tissues show similar changes to venous congestion of systemic origin.
** Here, the changes are confined to one organ or tissue area.
* Organ displacements, e.g. [[Intussusception|intussusception]], often show venous congestion followed by hypoxic degeneration and sloughing of tissue.

===Histological===

* Affected tissues are seen to be congested .
** Red blood cell stasis in venules and capillaries.
* Degeneration of tissue cells in the area affected.
** Varying numbers of inflammatory cells around these degenerate foci.
*** [[Oedema - Pathology|Oedema]] and leaked plasma protein deposits.

===Sequelae===

* Sequelae depend on:
** Severity
** Speed of onset of hypoxia
** Presence of alternative routes of venous drainage.
* The usual effect is hypoxic localised degeneration.
* Insidious, long-standing congestion tends to result in a combination of fibrosis and atrophy.

==Hypostatic Congestion==

* Seen in long-term recumbent, chronically ill animals, or those dying slowly.
* The term refers to congestion of the dependant parts of an organ in a failing circulation.
** In cases of paired organs, it applies to the dependant organ .
* Particularly affects the lungs and kidneys.

[[Category:Circulatory Disorders - Pathology]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:48, 17 October 2013
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	[[Category:Circulatory Disorders - Pathology]]		[[Category:Circulatory Disorders - Pathology]]
		+	[[Category:Cardiology Section]]

@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 ** Minor capillary [[Haemorrhage|haemorrhage]] is induced by hypoxia.
 *** Is often followed by [[Pigmentation - Pathology#Haemosiderin|haemosiderin]] deposition.
-** '''[[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Cellular Fatty Change|Fatty change]]'''
+** '''[[Cellular Fatty Change|Fatty change]]'''
-*** Degenerative change, characterised by [[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Cellular Fatty Change|fatty change]], occurs when whole parenchymatous organs are affected.
+*** Degenerative change, characterised by [[Cellular Fatty Change|fatty change]], occurs when whole parenchymatous organs are affected.
 **** E.g. the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and kidneys.

@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 *** E.g. in the lung, associated with cardiac mitral valvular disease.
 ** '''Stagnation hypoxia and capillary damage '''
-** Minor capillary [[Haemorrhage - Pathology|haemorrhage]] is induced by hypoxia.
+** Minor capillary [[Haemorrhage|haemorrhage]] is induced by hypoxia.
 *** Is often followed by [[Pigmentation and Calcification - Pathology#Haemosiderin|haemosiderin]] deposition.
 ** '''[[Degenerations and Infiltrations - Pathology#Cellular Fatty Change|Fatty change]]'''

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 * Severe congestion results in increased size and weight of organs.
-** Ultimately, [[Oedema - Pathology|oedema]] occurs.
+** Ultimately, [[Oedema|oedema]] occurs.
 * Encapsulated organs (e.g. [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]], [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]):
 ** Become swollen.
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 ** Are frequently darker red or purple.
 ** Ooze dark (deoxygenated) blood on cut surface.
-* [[Oedema - Pathology#Composition of Oedema Fluid|Oedema fluid]] may be seen (e.g. lung) if the condition is prolonged.
+* [[Oedema#Composition of Oedema Fluid|Oedema fluid]] may be seen (e.g. lung) if the condition is prolonged.
 ** E.g. in the lung.
 * Accumulation of deoxygenated blood often results in cyanosis of tissues.
@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 * Severe congestion can induce:
-** [[Oedema - Pathology|'''Oedema''']] '''formation'''
+** [[Oedema|'''Oedema''']] '''formation'''
 *** E.g. in the lung, associated with cardiac mitral valvular disease.
 ** '''Stagnation hypoxia and capillary damage '''
@@ Line 83: / Line 83: @@
 * Degeneration of tissue cells in the area affected.
 ** Varying numbers of inflammatory cells around these degenerate foci.
-*** [[Oedema - Pathology|Oedema]] and leaked plasma protein deposits.
+*** [[Oedema|Oedema]] and leaked plasma protein deposits.
 ===Sequelae===