Vitamin B4 (Choline) - Nutrition - Revision history

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2016-05-11T08:47:11Z

References

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Text replacement - "Category:To Do - Nutrition" to "Category:To_Do_-_Nutrition"

Bara at 14:48, 1 June 2015

2015-06-01T14:48:22Z

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References

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Dogs:

Bara: /* Consequences of Choline Deficiency */

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Consequences of Choline Deficiency

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Roles in the Body

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Why is it Important?

Bara: /* What is Choline? */

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What is Choline?

Ggaitskell at 21:27, 14 May 2015

2015-05-14T21:27:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:47, 11 May 2016
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 ==References==
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 Choline requirements are dependent on other methyl containing dietary compounds, such as [[Methionine and Cysteine - Nutrition|methionine]], [[Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) - Nutrition|Vitamin B<sub>12</sub>]], [[folate]], and lecithin (phosphotidylcholine).
 ====Dogs:====
-Puppies fed a choline deficient diet developed fatty accumulation within the liver; death occurred within 3 weeks of initiating feeding a choline deficient diet. Adult dogs fed choline deficient diets can develop hypocholesterolaemia, experience increased liver enzyme activities, [[vomiting]], and fatty liver<ref name="NRC"/>.
+Puppies fed a choline deficient diet developed [[Hepatic Lipidosis|fatty accumulation within the liver]]; death occurred within 3 weeks of initiating feeding a choline deficient diet. Adult dogs fed choline deficient diets can develop hypocholesterolaemia, experience increased liver enzyme activities, [[vomiting]], and fatty liver<ref name="NRC"/>.
 ====Cats:====
 Sub-optimal intake of choline results in decreased food intake and poor growth in kittens, and hepatic lipid accumulation<ref>Anderson PA, et al. Choline-methionine interrelationships in feline nutrition. J Anim Sci 1979;49:522-527.</ref>.

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 ==Roles in the Body==
 #'''Methyl Transfer''': Choline contains three methyl groups (compared to one in s-adenosylmethionine or [[Methionine and Cysteine - Nutrition|methionine]]), and its active metabolite betaine acts as a methyl donor in reactions such as the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. The requirement for choline is influenced by total methyl group metabolism and the intake of other methyl containing compounds, such as s-adenosylmethionine and betaine.
-#'''Phospholipid''': Phosphotidylcholine is one of the most abundant membrane phospholipids in the body. It provides structure to cellular membranes and is required for the formation of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) in the liver. Phospholipids are also involved in signal transduction between cells.
+#'''Phospholipid''': Phosphotidylcholine is one of the most abundant membrane phospholipids in the body. It provides structure to cellular membranes and is required for the formation of [[Nutrition Glossary#Very Low Density Lipoprotein|very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)]] in the liver. Phospholipids are also involved in signal transduction between cells.
 #'''Neurotransmitter''': A small fraction of the daily choline needs are further acetylated to form acetylcholine.

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 ==Why is it Important?==
-Choline is an '''important intermediary in reactions involving methyl donation'''. It is also a '''component of membrane phospholipids''' and the '''neurotransmitter acetylcholine'''.
+Choline is an '''important intermediary in reactions involving methyl donation'''. It is also a '''component of membrane phospholipids''' and the '''[[Neurotransmitters - Anatomy & Physiology|neurotransmitter]] acetylcholine'''.
 ==Roles in the Body==

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 ==What is Choline?==
-'''Choline''', also referred to as '''vitamin B<sub>4</sub>''', is considered an '''essential vitamin-like substance for dogs and cats'''. It is '''soluble in water''' and often included with B vitamin supplement mixtures. Most animals are able to synthesise some choline endogenously during degradation of phospholipids in the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]. Free choline is released during metabolism of phosphotidylcholine and sphingomyelin, which can then be reincorporated into a new phospholipid or used as choline or the choline metabolite, betaine<ref>Zeisel SH. Choline: clinical nutrigenetic/nutrigenomic approaches for identification of functions and dietary requirements. World Rev Nutr Diet 2010;101:73-83. </ref><ref name="NRC">National Research Council (NRC). Vitamins. In Nutrient Requirements for Dogs and Cats. 2006 Washington, DC: National Academies Press p.231-234.</ref>.
+'''Choline''', also referred to as '''vitamin B<sub>4</sub>''', is considered an '''[[Nutrition Glossary#Essential Nutrients|essential]] vitamin-like substance for dogs and cats'''. It is '''soluble in water''' and often included with B vitamin supplement mixtures. Most animals are able to synthesise some choline endogenously during degradation of phospholipids in the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]. Free choline is released during metabolism of phosphotidylcholine and sphingomyelin, which can then be reincorporated into a new phospholipid or used as choline or the choline metabolite, betaine<ref>Zeisel SH. Choline: clinical nutrigenetic/nutrigenomic approaches for identification of functions and dietary requirements. World Rev Nutr Diet 2010;101:73-83. </ref><ref name="NRC">National Research Council (NRC). Vitamins. In Nutrient Requirements for Dogs and Cats. 2006 Washington, DC: National Academies Press p.231-234.</ref>.
 ==Why is it Important?==