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<big><center>[[Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY''']]</center></big>
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[[Image:Jumping horse.gif|right|250px|Jumping horse - Wikimedia Commons 2008]]
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[[Image:Jumping horse.gif|thumb|right|250px|'''Jumping horse''' © Eadweard Muybridge WikiMedia Commons]]
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=''Overview of the Locomotor System''=
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==Introduction==
*[[Planes and Axes - Anatomy & Physiology|Planes and Axes]]
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The musculoskeletal system includes [[Bones - Anatomy & Physiology|bones]], [[Joints - Anatomy & Physiology|joints]], [[Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology|cartilage]], [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|muscles]], ligaments and [[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|tendons]]. In order to describe anatomical landmarks for example for the purposes of surgery and to be able to describe different directional information, for example when recording the view of a recently taken x-ray, it is necessary to have a way of describing the [[Planes and Axes - Anatomy & Physiology|planes and axes]] that can be applied to the musculoskeletal system to pinpoint a specific anatomical area.
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*[[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology|Bones and Cartilage]]
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==The Trunk==
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The trunk consists of three segments: thorax, abdomen, and [[Pelvis - Anatomy & Physiology|pelvis]], each of which is bounded by body wall and contains a cavity. The thoracic cavity lies cranial to the diaphragm, whereas the abdominal cavity lies caudal.
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*[[Joints - Anatomy & Physiology|Joints]]
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Dorsally, the roof of all three cavities is formed by the [[Spinal Column - Anatomy & Physiology|spinal column]] and associated muscles. The pelvic cavity is defined by the borders of the bony pelvis and communicates with the abdominal cavity. The bony thorax includes the [[Ribs and Sternum - Anatomy & Physiology|ribs and sternum]]; the [[Ribs_and_Sternum_- Anatomy & Physiology#Thoracic_Musculature|thoracic musculature]] is predominantly associated with respiration. Knowledge of the [[Ribs_and_Sternum_- Anatomy & Physiology#Abdominal_Musculature|abdominal musculature]] is important when performing surgery on abdominal organs, and these muscles are traditionally divided into ventrolateral and sublumbar groups.
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*[[Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|Muscles and Tendons]]
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==The Head and Neck==
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The shape and size of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|skull]] varies widely, not only between species but also with age, breed and sex of similar species. The skull is divided into three components- the neurocranium, the dermatocranium and the viscerocranium. The skull also includes the [[Hyoid Apparatus - Anatomy & Physiology|hyoid apparatus]], mandible, ossicles of the middle ear and the cartilage of the [[Larynx - Anatomy & Physiology|larynx]], nose and ear. The skull protects the brain and head against injury and supports the structures of the face. In some animals the skull is also used for defensive actions, for example in horned ungulates such as red deer stags.
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*[[Musculoskeletal terminology - Anatomy & Physiology|Musculoskeletal Terminology]]
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===[[Pharynx - Anatomy & Physiology|Pharynx]]===
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=''The Trunk''=
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===[[Syrinx - Anatomy & Physiology|Syrinx]]===
The trunk consists of three segments: thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, each of which is bounded by body wall and contains a cavity.  The thoracic cavity lies cranial to the diaphragm, whereas the abdominal cavity lies caudal.  The pelvic cavity is defined by the borders of the bony pelvis and communicates with the abdominal cavity. 
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Dorsally, the roof of all three cavities is formed by the spinal column and associated muscles.  Vertebrae develop segmentally from somitic sclerotomes, whereas muscles develop from somitic myotomes.  Within each myotome is found a single nerve leaving the central neural tube.  Motor innervation in the adult is therefore segmental.  Sensory innervation in the adult is also segmental, although the patterning of neuroectoderm to form skin is not clearly defined, and dermatomes often overly one another.
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==Limbs of the Dog, Horse and Cow==
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The ventral and lateral body walls are initally formed by somatopleure (ectoderm and lateral plate mesoderm), but is later invaded by somitic cells migrating ventrally.  These differentiate to form ribs and sternum and associated muscles.
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===[[Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Forelimb]]===
 
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==[[Spinal Column - Anatomy & Physiology|Spinal Column]]==
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*[[Spinal Column - Anatomy & Physiology#Divisions and Landmarks|Divisions and Landmarks]]
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*[[Spinal Column - Anatomy & Physiology#Vertebrae and Joints|Vertebrae and Joints]]
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*[[Spinal Column - Anatomy & Physiology#Spinal Cord|Spinal Cord]]
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*[[Spinal Column - Anatomy & Physiology#Hypaxial and Epaxial Muscles|Hypaxial and Epaxial Muscles]]
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==[[Ribs and Sternum - Anatomy & Physiology|Ribs and Sternum]]==
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*[[Ribs and Sternum - Anatomy & Physiology#Costae|Costae]]
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*[[Ribs and Sternum - Anatomy & Physiology#Thoracic Musculature|Thoracic Musculature]]
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*[[Ribs and Sternum - Anatomy & Physiology#Abdominal Musculature|Abdominal Musculature]]
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==[[Pelvis - Anatomy & Physiology|Pelvis]]==
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*[[Pelvis - Anatomy & Physiology#Pelvic Girdle|Pelvic Girdle]]
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*[[Pelvis - Anatomy & Physiology#Pelvic Ligaments and Joints|Pelvic Ligaments and Joints]]
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=''The Head and Neck''=
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==[[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|Skull and Facial Muscles]]==
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*[[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure|Structure]]
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*[[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Function|Function]]
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*[[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Bones of the Skull|Bones of the Skull]]
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*[[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Major Foramen and Canals|Major Foramen and Canals]]
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*[[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Facial Muscles|Facial Muscles]]
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*[[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Species Differences|Species Differences]]
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==[[Pharynx - Anatomy & Physiology|Pharynx]]==
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*[[Pharynx - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure and Function|Structure and Function]]
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*[[Pharynx - Anatomy & Physiology#Musculature|Musculature]]
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*[[Pharynx - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation|Innervation]]
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*[[Pharynx - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|Histology]]
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*[[Pharynx - Anatomy & Physiology#Species Differences|Species Differences]]
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==[[Larynx - Anatomy & Physiology|Larynx]]==
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*[[Larynx - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure|Structure]]
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*[[Larynx - Anatomy & Physiology#Musculature|Musculature]]
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*[[Larynx - Anatomy & Physiology#Laryngeal Pharynx|Laryngeal Pharynx]]
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*[[Larynx - Anatomy & Physiology#Function|Function]]
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*[[Larynx - Anatomy & Physiology#Vasculature|Vasculature]]
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*[[Larynx - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation|Innervation]]
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*[[Larynx - Anatomy & Physiology#Lymphatics|Lymphatics]]
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*[[Larynx - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|Histology]]
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*[[Larynx - Anatomy & Physiology#Species Differences|Species Differences]]
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==[[Syrinx - Anatomy & Physiology|Syrinx]]==
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*[[Syrinx - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure|Structure]]
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*[[Syrinx - Anatomy & Physiology#Function|Function]]
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*[[Syrinx - Anatomy & Physiology#Species Differences|Species Differences]]
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==[[Hyoid Apparatus - Anatomy & Physiology|Hyoid Apparatus]]==
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*[[Hyoid Apparatus - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure and Function|Structure and Function]]
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*[[Hyoid Apparatus - Anatomy & Physiology#Species Differences|Species Differences]]
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=''Limbs of the Domestic Species''=
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==[[Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Forelimb]]==
   
*[[Canine Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Canine Forelimb]]
 
*[[Canine Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Canine Forelimb]]
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*[[Equine Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Equine Forelimb]]
      
*[[Bovine Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Bovine Forelimb]]
 
*[[Bovine Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Bovine Forelimb]]
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==[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Hindlimb]]==
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===[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Hindlimb]]===
    
*[[Canine Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Canine Hindlimb]]
 
*[[Canine Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Canine Hindlimb]]
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*[[Equine Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Equine Hindlimb]]
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*[[Bovine Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Bovine Hindlimb]]
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===Phalanges===
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*[[Canine Phalanges - Anatomy & Physiology|Canine Phalanges]]
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*[[Bovine Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Bovine Hindlimb]]
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*[[Bovine Lower Limb - Anatomy & Physiology|Bovine Lower Limb]]
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==[[Phalanges - Anatomy & Physiology|Phalanges]]==
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==Topographical anatomy==
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*[[Palpable Points of the Dog - Anatomy & Physiology|Palpable Points of the Dog]]
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==[[Musculoskeletal - Anatomy & Physiology - Flashcards|Musculoskeletal Flashcards]]==
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*[[Palpable Points - Horse Anatomy|Palpable Points of the Horse]]
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==[[Musculoskeletal References - Anatomy & Physiology|References]]==
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*[[Palpable Points of the Ox - Anatomy & Physiology|Palpable Points of the Ox]]
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=Creators=
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{{Template:Learning
[[Rebecca Pocock]]
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|flashcards = [[:Category:Musculoskeletal System Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards|Musculoskeletal Flashcards]]
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|dragster= [[Canine Head and Neck Surface Anatomy Resources (I, II & III)]]<br>
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|OVAM = [[Musculoskeletal System Vetlogic Quiz|Musculoskeletal System Quiz]]<br>[http://www.um.es/anatvet/interactividad/ingles/alocopi/indexntscp.htm Labelled anatomy images of the canine musculoskeletal system]
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|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/search?s=musculoskeletal+ Musculoskeletal diseases]
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}}
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[[Natalie Brown]]
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==References==
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Books
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*<div id="Dyce">{{citation|initiallast = Dyce|initialfirst = K.M|2last = Sack|2first = W.O|finallast = Wensing|finalfirst = C.J.G|year = 2002|title = Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy|ed =3rd|city = Philadelphia|pub = Saunders}}</div>
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*O.Charnock Bradley '''The Structure of the Fowl''', 3rd ed, J.B.Lippincott Company, 1950
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*Konig and Liebich: '''Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals''', 3rd Edition
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Images
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*''Royal Veterinary College'' Histology Department
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*''Nottingham Veterinary School''
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[[John Tulloch]]
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{{OpenPages}}
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[[Category:Musculoskeletal System - Anatomy & Physiology]]
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