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Line 139: |
| *Caudal (Flexors): Axillary n. of the brachial plexus | | *Caudal (Flexors): Axillary n. of the brachial plexus |
| **'''Deltoids''' | | **'''Deltoids''' |
− | ***Origin: caudal border and spine of the scapula | + | ***Origin: caudal border and spine of the scapula, acromion |
− | ****One head in the horse and two in species with an acromion (site of second origin) | + | ****Two heads of origin |
| ***Insertion: deltoid tuberosity on the humerus | | ***Insertion: deltoid tuberosity on the humerus |
| **'''Teres Major''' | | **'''Teres Major''' |
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| ====Muscles of the Elbow==== | | ====Muscles of the Elbow==== |
| ''Extensors'': Radial n. from the brachial plexus | | ''Extensors'': Radial n. from the brachial plexus |
− | *'''Triceps brachii''': Three heads, four in the dog | + | *'''Triceps brachii''': Three heads,the medial branch is the most developed |
| **Long head: caudal margin of the scapula | | **Long head: caudal margin of the scapula |
| **Lateral, medial, and accessory heads: shaft of the humerus | | **Lateral, medial, and accessory heads: shaft of the humerus |
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| *'''Tensor fasciae antebrachii''' | | *'''Tensor fasciae antebrachii''' |
| **Overlies triceps extending from scapula to olecranon | | **Overlies triceps extending from scapula to olecranon |
− | *'''Anconeus'''
| + | |
− | **Origin: distal humerus
| |
− | **Insertion: lateral olecranon
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| | | |
| ''Flexors'': Musculocutaneous n. from the brachial plexus | | ''Flexors'': Musculocutaneous n. from the brachial plexus |
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Line 167: |
| **Insertion: spirals to insert next to biceps | | **Insertion: spirals to insert next to biceps |
| | | |
− | ====Muscles of Supination and Pronation ====
| |
− | ''Supinators'': Radial n. from the brachial plexus
| |
− | *'''Brachioradialis'''
| |
− | **Origin: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
| |
− | **Insertion: distal medial forearm within superficial fascia
| |
− | **Prominent in the cat but nearly absent in the dog
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− | *'''Supinator'''
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− | **Deep to extensor muscles, passing from lateral humeral epicondyles to upper medial radius
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− |
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− | ''Pronators'': Median n. from the brachial plexus
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− | *'''Pronator teres''': only functional in cat and dog
| |
− | **Origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus
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− | **Insertion: supinator
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− | *'''Pronator quadratus''': only found in carnivores
| |
− | **Origin: shaft of the ulna
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− | **Insertion: shaft of the radius
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| | | |
| ====Muscles of the Carpal and Digital Joints==== | | ====Muscles of the Carpal and Digital Joints==== |
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Line 177: |
| **Origin: cranial radius | | **Origin: cranial radius |
| **Insertion: most medial metacarpal bone | | **Insertion: most medial metacarpal bone |
− | *Last two may also serve in medial deviation of the paw | + | *Last two may also serve in medial deviation of the foot |
| *'''Common Digital Extensor''' | | *'''Common Digital Extensor''' |
| **Insertion: extensor process of the distal phalanx of each digit | | **Insertion: extensor process of the distal phalanx of each digit |
− | **Sends a medial branch to dewlcaw and medial digits in all but horse and cat
| |
| *'''Lateral Digital Extensor''' | | *'''Lateral Digital Extensor''' |
− | **Insertion: dorsal proximal phalanx | + | **Insertion: dorsal proximal phalanges |
| + | *'''Medial Digital Extensor''' |
| + | **Insertion: middle and distal phalanges |
| | | |
| ''Flexors'': Median or Ulnar n. of the brachial plexus | | ''Flexors'': Median or Ulnar n. of the brachial plexus |
| *Caudal position on the forearm | | *Caudal position on the forearm |
− | *Originate from the caaudal medial epicondyle of the humerus | + | *Originate from the caudal medial epicondyle of the humerus |
| *'''Flexor carpi radialis''': most medial, inserts on upper 2nd/3rd metacarpal bone | | *'''Flexor carpi radialis''': most medial, inserts on upper 2nd/3rd metacarpal bone |
| *'''Flexor carpi ulnaris''': most lateral, inserts on the accessory carpal bone | | *'''Flexor carpi ulnaris''': most lateral, inserts on the accessory carpal bone |
| *'''Superficial Digital Flexor''' | | *'''Superficial Digital Flexor''' |
− | **Branches according to the number of digis and inserts in proximal interphalangeal joint | + | **Inserion: palmar surface of middle phalanges |
| *'''Deep Digital Flexor''' | | *'''Deep Digital Flexor''' |
| **Passes through carpal canal before branching and continues to palmar distal phalanges | | **Passes through carpal canal before branching and continues to palmar distal phalanges |
| | | |
| ''Interosseus muscles'' | | ''Interosseus muscles'' |
− | *Support metacarpophalnageal joints | + | *This is covered in more detail in the [[Bovine Phalanges - Anatomy & Physiology|bovine phalanges]] section. |
− | *Arise from palmar proximal metacarpal bones and insert on sesamoid bones within the joints, continued by ligaments to phalanges
| |
− | | |
| | | |
| ==Vasculature of the Forelimb== | | ==Vasculature of the Forelimb== |