Changes

===Bones===

===Bones===

The pelvic girdle is formed by two hip bones which are joined ventrally at the cartilagenous '''pelvic symphysis''' and articulate dorsally with the sacrum. The three components of each hip bone are the [[Ilium - Anatomy and Physiology|ilium]], [[Pubis - Anatomy & Physiology|pubis]] and [[Ischium - Anatomy & Physiology|ischium]].  

The pelvic girdle is formed by two hip bones which are joined ventrally at the cartilagenous '''pelvic symphysis''' and articulate dorsally with the sacrum. The three components of each hip bone are the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Ilium|ilium]], [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Pubis|pubis]] and [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Ischium|ischium]].  

The bone that articulates with the hip bones to form the hip joint is the [[Femur - Anatomy & Physiology|Femur]].

The bone that articulates with the hip bones to form the hip joint is the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Femur|Femur]].

====Canine Bone Specifics====

====Canine Bone Specifics====

The muscles affecting the pelvic girdle and hip can be divided into two distinct groups:

The muscles affecting the pelvic girdle and hip can be divided into two distinct groups:

*'''[[Girdle Musculature - Anatomy & Physiology|Girdle Musculature]]'''

*'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Girdle Musculature|Girdle Musculature]]'''

** '''Psoas Minor''' - a strong fleshy muscle. The tendon of insertion is bound to the iliac fascia and attaches to the arcuate line of the ilium.

** '''Psoas Minor''' - a strong fleshy muscle. The tendon of insertion is bound to the iliac fascia and attaches to the arcuate line of the ilium.

** '''Quadrate Lumbar''' - is stronger relative to other domestic species. It has both a thoracic and lumbar part. The thoracic part originates from the bodies of the last three thoracic vertebrae and inserts on the transverse processes of the cranial lumbar vertebrae.

** '''Quadrate Lumbar''' - is stronger relative to other domestic species. It has both a thoracic and lumbar part. The thoracic part originates from the bodies of the last three thoracic vertebrae and inserts on the transverse processes of the cranial lumbar vertebrae.

*'''[[Rump Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology|Rump Muscles]]'''

*'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Rump Muscles|Rump Muscles]]'''

** '''Superficial Gluteal'''

** '''Superficial Gluteal'''

*** Origin -  gluteal fascia, lateral aspect of sacrum, sacral tuber of ilium, first caudal vertebra and the sacrotuberous ligament.

*** Origin -  gluteal fascia, lateral aspect of sacrum, sacral tuber of ilium, first caudal vertebra and the sacrotuberous ligament.

===Bones===

===Bones===

The bones immediately distal to the [[Femur - Anatomy & Physiology|Femur]] are the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tibia|Tibia]], [[Fibula - Anatomy & Physiology|Fibula]], [[Patella - Anatomy & Physiology|patella]] and some minor sesamoid bones. Some of these are involved in the stifle joint, weight-bearing and providing attachment for muscles.

The bones immediately distal to the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Femur|Femur]] are the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tibia|Tibia]], [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Fibula|Fibula]], [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Patella|patella]] and some minor sesamoid bones. Some of these are involved in the stifle joint, weight-bearing and providing attachment for muscles.

Distal to these bones are the complex series of bones that make up the tarsus, these are the [[Tarsal bones - Anatomy & Physiology|tarsal bones]] and [[Metatarsal bones - Anatomy & Physiology|metatarsals]].

Distal to these bones are the complex series of bones that make up the tarsus, these are the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tarsal bones|tarsal bones]] and [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Metatarsal bones|metatarsals]].

====Canine Bone Specifics====

====Canine Bone Specifics====

** The cochlea has a lateral notch for the articulation with the [[fibula]].

** The cochlea has a lateral notch for the articulation with the [[fibula]].

*'''[[Fibula - Anatomy & Physiology|Fibula]]'''

*'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Fibula|Fibula]]'''

** In the dog the fibula has maintained its entire length but still has reduced strength and function.

** In the dog the fibula has maintained its entire length but still has reduced strength and function.

** The '''interosseous space''' seperates the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tibia|tibia]] from the fibula proximally and this gap is bridged by soft tissue.

** The '''interosseous space''' seperates the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tibia|tibia]] from the fibula proximally and this gap is bridged by soft tissue.

*'''[[Tarsal bones - Anatomy & Physiology#Talus|Talus]]'''

*'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tarsal bones#Talus|Talus]]'''

** The trochlea ridges are less pronounced and extend further distally than other species allowing for increased mobility.

** The trochlea ridges are less pronounced and extend further distally than other species allowing for increased mobility.

** The trochlea also articulates with the distal fibula and medial malleolus.  

** The trochlea also articulates with the distal fibula and medial malleolus.  

*'''[[Tarsal bones - Anatomy & Physiology#Distal Row of Tarsal Bones| Distal Row of Tarsal Bones]]'''

*'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tarsal bones#Distal Row of Tarsal Bones| Distal Row of Tarsal Bones]]'''

** The dog maintains the original number of 5 bones and has the central bone, 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th tarsal bones.

** The dog maintains the original number of 5 bones and has the central bone, 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th tarsal bones.

=='''Joints and Synovial Structures'''==

=='''Joints and Synovial Structures'''==

'''[[Stifle Joint - Anatomy & Physiology|Stifle Joint]]'''

'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Stifle Joint|Stifle Joint]]'''

[[Image:stifle anatomy.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The Stifle, Cranial Caudal View - Copyright RVC]]

[[Image:stifle anatomy.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The Stifle, Cranial Caudal View - Copyright RVC]]

'''[[Tarsal Joint/Hock - Anatomy & Physiology|Tarsal Joint/Hock]]'''

'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tarsal Joint/Hock|Tarsal Joint/Hock]]'''

* Dogs have lateral movement as well as flexion and extension in their proximal intertarsal joints.  

* Dogs have lateral movement as well as flexion and extension in their proximal intertarsal joints.  

===Musculature===

===Musculature===

'''[[Muscles of the Stifle - Anatomy & Physiology|Muscles of the Stifle]]'''

'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Muscles of the Stifle|Muscles of the Stifle]]'''

* The division of the four parts of the quadriceps is less well defined than in other species.

* The division of the four parts of the quadriceps is less well defined than in other species.

* The popliteal tendon of origin contains a sesamoid bone in carnivores.

* The popliteal tendon of origin contains a sesamoid bone in carnivores.

'''[[Muscles of the Canine Crus - Anatomy & Physiology|Muscles of the Canine Crus]]'''

'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Muscles of the Canine Crus|Muscles of the Canine Crus]]'''