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{{review}}
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{{Taxobox
 
{{Taxobox
 
|name              = Hypoderman spp.
 
|name              = Hypoderman spp.
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<br><br><br>
 
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[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=Hypoderma&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=48&y=17&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all ''Hypoderma'' spp. publications]
 
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=Hypoderma&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=48&y=17&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all ''Hypoderma'' spp. publications]
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'''Pathogenesis'''
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*Causes [[Parasitic Myositis#Arthropods|myositis]]
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*Production losses
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**Condemnation and down-grading of hides
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**Reduced milk yield and reduced weight gain
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**Injury from stock panic
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**Trimmed meat losses from ''H. lineatum''
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***'Butcher's Jelly' around warbles which is green due to mass [[Eosinophils|eosinophil]] attraction
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*Paraplegia resulting from
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**Toxin release
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**Pressure on the spinal cord (''H. bovis'')
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**Bloat from pressure on the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophageal wall]] (''H. lineatum'')
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'''Control'''
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*Total eradication should be aimed for
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*Old methods include popping out warbles
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**But this could lead to anaphylactic shock
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*[[Ectoparasiticides]]
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**Systemic organophosphorus [[Ectoparasiticides|insecticides]] in pour-on formula
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**Avermectins and milbemycins in pour-on and injectible formulations
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*Timing is crucial for treatment
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**Larvae residing in winter resting sites, if killed, can lead to bloat and paraplegia
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**It is safe to treat in the '''autumn''' before larvae reach their winter resting sites and in the '''spring''' when the warbles have migrated to the midline of the back
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**Ivermectin can be given at any time without risking host infection as larval antigen is released much slower
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'''Legislation in the UK'''
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*'Warble Fly Order 1978' requires all clinically affected animals to be treated
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*Notifiable disease
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*'Warble Fly Infected Area Order 1983'
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*For more information on the warble fly orders, see [http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/diseases/notifiable/brucellosis/surveillance.htm| here]
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in cattle
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**May occasionally burrow into muscle
       
[[Category:Oestridae]]
 
[[Category:Oestridae]]
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[[Category:Expert_Review]]
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[[Category:To Do - Clinical]]
Author, Donkey, Bureaucrats, Administrators
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