906
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
no edit summary
All equids are susceptible to EIA but donkeys and mules appear to be less severely affected. No breed, age or sex predilection has been reported.
All equids are susceptible to EIA but donkeys and mules appear to be less severely affected. No breed, age or sex predilection has been reported.
==Pathogenesis==
EIA occurs worldwide but most commonly in countries with warm climates. The virus is usually transmitted via mechanical innoculation of blood from large biting flies such as horseflies (Tabanid spp) or stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans). Transmission of the virus can also occur when a nursing foal ingests milk from a carrier mare or iatrogenically via contaminated needles.
EIA occurs worldwide but most commonly in countries with warm climates. The virus is usually transmitted via mechanical innoculation of blood from large biting flies such as horseflies (Tabanid spp) or stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans). Transmission of the virus can also occur when a nursing foal ingests milk from a carrier mare or iatrogenically via contaminated needles.
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
The 'gold standard' for diagnostic confirmation is an agar gel immunodiffusion test (the Coggins test) which detects serum antibodies against the EIA virus. False positives may be obtained from foals that have absorbed colostrum from affected mares and false negatives may occur during acute stages of EIA. The Coggins test may be performed in combination with an ELISA in order to increase the test sensitivity.
The 'gold standard' for diagnostic confirmation is an agar gel immunodiffusion test (the Coggins test) which detects serum antibodies against the EIA virus. The test is 95% accurate for the diagnosis of EIA but false positives may be obtained from foals that have absorbed colostrum from affected mares and false negatives may occur during acute stages of EIA. The Coggins test may be performed in combination with an ELISA in order to increase the test sensitivity.
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
No specific treatment or vaccine for EIA is available and treatment is usually supportive. Infected horses should be isolated from other horses due to the risk of spread of disease. NSAIDs may be used to control pyrexia and inflammation and/. Corticosteroids are contraindicated due to the possibility of exacerbating viral replication and clinical disease.
==Prognosis==
==Prognosis==
Foals exposed to EIAV have a high fatality rate but generally horses recover from the disease, becoming lifelong inapparent carriers. Although occasionally some horses die from EIA, the majority become lifelong inapparent carriers.
Foals exposed to EIAV have a high fatality rate but generally horses recover from the disease, becoming lifelong inapparent carriers. Although occasionally some horses die from EIA, the majority become lifelong inapparent carriers.
==References==
==References==
*Dwight, C., Hirsh, Y., Zee, Y. C. (1999) '''Veterinary Microbiology''' ''Wiley-Blackwell''
*Dwight, C., Hirsh, Y., Zee, Y. C. (1999) '''Veterinary Microbiology''' ''Wiley-Blackwell''
*Higgins, A., Snyder, J. R. (2006) '''The Equine Manual''' ''Elsevier Health Sciences''
*Higgins, A., Snyder, J. R. (2006) '''The Equine Manual''' ''Elsevier Health Sciences''
*Jain, N. C. (1993) '''Essentials of Veterinary Haematology''' ''Wiley-Blackwell''
*Lavoie, J. P., Hinchcliff, K. W. (2009) '''Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Equine''
*Lavoie, J. P., Hinchcliff, K. W. (2009) '''Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Equine''
[[Category:Lentiviruses]][[Category:Horse Viruses]]
[[Category:Lentiviruses]][[Category:Horse Viruses]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Clinical/Viruses]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Clinical/Viruses]]