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What type of gland is the pancreas?
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From which embryological germ layer does the pancreas develop from?
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- Endoderm, except the connective tissue which develops from splanchnic mesoderm
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Does the pancreatic duct develop from the dorsal or ventral bud?
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Where do the ducts of the pancreas open into?
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- Duodenum; the pancreatic duct opens at the major duodenal papilla with the bile duct; the accessory duct opens at the minor duodenal papilla
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What are the functions of the exocrine part of the pancreas?
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- Produces a secretion that is alkaline to neutralise stomach acid and contains enzymes for digestion
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Which ions are present within the secretion of the pancreas?
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Why does stomach acid need to be neutralised?
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- To provide the optimum pH for pancreatic enzymes, to prevent damage to the thin, absorptive mucosa of the duodenum and to buffer the large intestine
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Name the cell types present in the islets of Langerhans
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- Alpha, beta, delta and F cells
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What is the antagonist hormone to insulin and what does it do?
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- Glucagon, it raises blood glucose level
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What is the function of somatostatin?
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- It inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion
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What effect does parasympathetic innervation have on glucagon secretion?
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What effect does glucagon have on body reserves?
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What is the main target tissue of glucagon?
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What other tissues does glucagon have an effect on?
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- Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
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Which enzyme does glucagon inactivate in glycolysis?
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How does glucagon inactivate this enyme?
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What effect does glucagon have on adipose tissue?
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- Increases β oxidation of fatty acids
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What effect does glucagon have on skeletal muscle?
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- Increases the rate of protein catabolism
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How may ketosis occur during fasting?
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- The citric acid cycle turns slowly as oxaloacetate is removed to make glucose. Acetyl CoA builds up and is converted to ketone bodies
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Describe the structure of insulin.
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- A & B chains linked by disulphide bridges
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Describe the mechanism that causes insulin to be released.
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- Glucose enters the β cell through GLUT 2 and is metabolised. ATP depolarises the plasma membrane which leads to calcium signalling causing release of insulin
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How does insulin enable glucose to be taken up by heptaocytes, adipocytes and skeletal muscle?
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- It causes expression of GLUT 4
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What effect does insulin have on basal metabolic rate?
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- Increases it in all cells
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What are the clinical signs of diabetes mellitus?
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- Glucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, ketosis and ketonuria
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What are the two causes of diabetes mellitus in dogs?
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- β cell deficiency (mainly) and insulin antagonism
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What are the two types of diabetes in cats?
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What are the two arteries that supply blood to the pancreas?
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- Coeliac (left lobe) and cranial mesenteric (right lobe)
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Which hormones increase pancreatic secretion?
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- CCK, secretin and gastrin
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Which lymph nodes does lymph from the pancreas drain into?
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Describe the components of the exocrine pancreas.
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- Acini, which consist of 40-50 pyramidal epithelial cells which drain into a lumen
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What is present in the apex of the epithelial cells?
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- Secretory granules containing the zymogen precursors of the pancreatic enzymes
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Which cell type in the islet of Langerhan's produce somatostatin?
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Where does the right lobe of the pancreas exits?
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In the dog, which of the two ducts of the pancreas is bigger?
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How many ducts of the pancreas does the cat have?
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In which animal group in particular is there a constant secretion of pancreatic juice?
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Which shape is the horse's pancreas?
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