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Joints Degenerative - Pathology (view source)

Revision as of 15:19, 3 March 2011

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===[[Degenerative Joint Disease]] ===
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|backcolour =CDE472
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|linkpage =Musculoskeletal System - Pathology
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|linktext =Musculoskeletal System
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|maplink = Musculoskeletal System (Content Map) - Pathology
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|pagetype =Pathology
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|sublink1=Joints - Pathology
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|subtext1=JOINTS
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===Degenerative joint disease (DJD)===
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[[Image:DJD horse.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>DJD in a horse (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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*'''Osteoarthritis, osteoarthrosis'''
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*Due to acceleration of normal ageing process - wear and tear
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*Destructive disease leading to:
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**Loss of weight-bearing [[Joints - Anatomy & Physiology#Articular cartilage|articular cartilage]]
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**Erosion, fibrillation of cartilage
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***Clefts in the cartilage, perpendicular to the surface
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**Complete exposure of underlying bone
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***Bone appears polishes, dense - [[Musculoskeletal Terminology - Pathology|eburnation]]
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***Radiographically - joint space reduction due to loss of cartilage
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**[[Musculoskeletal Terminology - Pathology|Osteophyte]] formation at joint margins
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**Remodelling of adjacent bone
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**Brown/yellow discolouration
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**Synovial hypertrophy
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**Capsular fibrosis
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*May affect one or multiple joints
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*May or may not be symptomatic
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*Pathogenesis:
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**Not entirely clear but linked to loss of [[Joints - Anatomy & Physiology#Articular cartilage|proteoglycans]] and subsequent lubrication
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**Increased water content due to improper binding -> softening of cartilage = chondromalacia
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*Predisposing factors:
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**Persistent trauma
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**Joint instability / dysplasia
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***[[Joints Degenerative - Pathology#Luxations and subluxations|Luxations and subluxations]]
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***[[Hip Dysplasia|Hip dysplasia]]
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***[[Elbow Dysplasia|Elbow dysplasia]]
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**Conformational abnormalities / congenital malformations
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**[[Osteochondrosis|Osteochondrosis dissecans]]
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**Intra-articular fractures
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**[[Joints Degenerative - Pathology#Calve Legg-Perthe's disease|Calve Legg-Perthe's disease]]
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**'''Lateral''' luxation
 
**'''Lateral''' luxation
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[[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]]
    
====Atlantoaxial====
 
====Atlantoaxial====
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**Aplasia or hypoplasia of odontoid process
 
**Aplasia or hypoplasia of odontoid process
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[[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]]
    
====Temporomandibular====
 
====Temporomandibular====
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*Normal movement of mandibular coronoid process is interfered with by zygomatic arch
 
*Normal movement of mandibular coronoid process is interfered with by zygomatic arch
 
*Happens on one side -> open jaw locking
 
*Happens on one side -> open jaw locking
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[[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]]
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**-> severe degenerative arthropathy
 
**-> severe degenerative arthropathy
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[[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]]
    
===Degenerative arthropathy===
 
===Degenerative arthropathy===
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*In shoulders
 
*In shoulders
 
*?Due to gradual atrophy of muscles with age -> joint laxity
 
*?Due to gradual atrophy of muscles with age -> joint laxity
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****May cause pitting of articular surfaces -> degenerative arthrosis
 
****May cause pitting of articular surfaces -> degenerative arthrosis
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[[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]]
    
===Nutritional diseases===
 
===Nutritional diseases===
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*May resolve with changes of diet
 
*May resolve with changes of diet
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[[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]]
    
===Disc protrusion===
 
===Disc protrusion===
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*'''Sudden protrusion''' can occur in any breed due to traumatic compression of spinal cord
 
*'''Sudden protrusion''' can occur in any breed due to traumatic compression of spinal cord
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[[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]]
    
===Cervical spinal stenosis===
 
===Cervical spinal stenosis===
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*Predisposed in some breeds: Great Dane, Doberman, Basset Hound, Irish Wolfhound, Old English Sheepdog
 
*Predisposed in some breeds: Great Dane, Doberman, Basset Hound, Irish Wolfhound, Old English Sheepdog
 
*Clinical signs: cervical pain -> ataxia -> quadriplegia
 
*Clinical signs: cervical pain -> ataxia -> quadriplegia
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**Ataxia - hindlimbs more affected
 
**Ataxia - hindlimbs more affected
 
*Presumed cause is rapid growth
 
*Presumed cause is rapid growth
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*In bulls may cause inability to mount
 
*In bulls may cause inability to mount
 
*In severe cases repeated damage may progress to recurrent posterior weakness and ataxia in conjuction with fractures of spondylitic and vertebral bone
 
*In severe cases repeated damage may progress to recurrent posterior weakness and ataxia in conjuction with fractures of spondylitic and vertebral bone
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[[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]]
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*Autoantibodies against collagens seen in the joint fluid – no relationship to the disease (ie: not an autoimmune disease) – can be seen in any joint disease
 
*Autoantibodies against collagens seen in the joint fluid – no relationship to the disease (ie: not an autoimmune disease) – can be seen in any joint disease
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*Injection sometimes causes rapid progression of degeneration
 
*Injection sometimes causes rapid progression of degeneration
 
*Glucocortyicois suppress anabolic effect of chondrocytes -> reduction of cartilage matrix syhthesis -> proteoglycan depletion -> slower repair
 
*Glucocortyicois suppress anabolic effect of chondrocytes -> reduction of cartilage matrix syhthesis -> proteoglycan depletion -> slower repair
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[[Category:Joints - Degenerative Pathology]]
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