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| =='''Craniolateral Muscles of the Crus'''== | | =='''Craniolateral Muscles of the Crus'''== |
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− | These muscles arise from the distal [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]] or proximal [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]] tibia or [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|fibula]]. Their tendinous insertions are often multiarticular and insert on the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|metatarsals]] or [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy|phalanges]]. They are innervated by the '''peroneal nerve'''. | + | These muscles arise from the distal [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]] or proximal [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]] tibia or [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|fibula]]. Their tendinous insertions are often multiarticular and insert on the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|metatarsals]] or [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy|phalanges]]. They are innervated by the '''peroneal nerve'''. |
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| ==='''Flexors of the tarsus'''=== | | ==='''Flexors of the tarsus'''=== |
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| '''''Cranial Tibial (Tibialis Cranialis)''''' | | '''''Cranial Tibial (Tibialis Cranialis)''''' |
− | :'''Origin''': Lateral condyle and tuberosity of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]] | + | :'''Origin''': Lateral condyle and tuberosity of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]] |
− | :'''Insertion''': Bifurcates into a medial and lateral branch. The lateral branch inserts on the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|metatarsal tuberosity]]. The medial branch inserts on the combined first and second [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|tarsal bones]]. The medial branch is also known as the '''cunean tendon'''. | + | :'''Insertion''': Bifurcates into a medial and lateral branch. The lateral branch inserts on the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|metatarsal tuberosity]]. The medial branch inserts on the combined first and second [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|tarsal bones]]. The medial branch is also known as the '''cunean tendon'''. |
| :'''Action''': Flexes the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]] (hock) | | :'''Action''': Flexes the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]] (hock) |
| :Its tendinous insertion has a synovial sheath, and a bursa is present between its medial branch and the medial ligament of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]] (hock). | | :Its tendinous insertion has a synovial sheath, and a bursa is present between its medial branch and the medial ligament of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]] (hock). |
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| '''''Peroneus tertius''''' | | '''''Peroneus tertius''''' |
− | :'''Origin''': Extensor fossa of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]] | + | :'''Origin''': Extensor fossa of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]] |
− | :'''Insertion''': Proximal extremity of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metatarsal]] and [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|third tarsal]] bone. Also the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneus]] and [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|fourth tarsal]] bones. | + | :'''Insertion''': Proximal extremity of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metatarsal]] and [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|third tarsal]] bone. Also the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneus]] and [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|fourth tarsal]] bones. |
| :'''Action''': An almost exclusively tendinous muscle that plays an important part in the [[Stay Apparatus - Horse Anatomy|Stay Apparatus]] | | :'''Action''': An almost exclusively tendinous muscle that plays an important part in the [[Stay Apparatus - Horse Anatomy|Stay Apparatus]] |
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| '''''Long digital extensor''''' | | '''''Long digital extensor''''' |
− | :'''Origin''': Extensor fossa of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]], shared tendon of origin with the third fibular muscle | + | :'''Origin''': Extensor fossa of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]], shared tendon of origin with the third fibular muscle |
| :'''Insertion''': Extensor process of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal phalanx]], and the dorsal surfaces of the proximal extremities of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Phalanx|proximal]] and [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Middle Phalanx|middle]] phalanges | | :'''Insertion''': Extensor process of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal phalanx]], and the dorsal surfaces of the proximal extremities of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Phalanx|proximal]] and [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Middle Phalanx|middle]] phalanges |
| :'''Action''': Extends the digits, assists in flexing the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]] (hock) | | :'''Action''': Extends the digits, assists in flexing the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]] (hock) |
− | :Its tendon of insertion passes over the front of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|hock]] , and is held in place by three annular ligaments (proximal, middle and distal) and a synovial sheath. The [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Extensors|tendon]] of the lateral digital extensor joins the tendon in the approximately the middle of the[[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metatarsal]] (cannon) bone. It is also joined by two branches of the [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Flexors|suspensory ligament]] before its insertion. | + | :Its tendon of insertion passes over the front of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|hock]] , and is held in place by three annular ligaments (proximal, middle and distal) and a synovial sheath. The [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Extensors|tendon]] of the lateral digital extensor joins the tendon in the approximately the middle of the[[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|third metatarsal]] (cannon) bone. It is also joined by two branches of the [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Flexors|suspensory ligament]] before its insertion. |
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| '''''Lateral digital extensor''''' | | '''''Lateral digital extensor''''' |
− | :'''Origin''': Lateral patella ligament, proximal [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|fibula]], lateral border of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]] and the interosseous ligament. It lies between the ''long digital extensor'' muscle and the ''long flexor muscle of the first digit''. | + | :'''Origin''': Lateral patella ligament, proximal [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|fibula]], lateral border of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]] and the interosseous ligament. It lies between the ''long digital extensor'' muscle and the ''long flexor muscle of the first digit''. |
| :'''Insertion''': [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Extensors|Long digital extensor tendon]] | | :'''Insertion''': [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Extensors|Long digital extensor tendon]] |
| :'''Action''': It appears to have no function, apart from maybe to support the ''long digital extensor''. | | :'''Action''': It appears to have no function, apart from maybe to support the ''long digital extensor''. |
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| '''''Gastrocnemius''''' | | '''''Gastrocnemius''''' |
− | :'''Origin''': Lateral head from the lateral supracondyloid crest of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]]. The medial head from the medial supracondyloid crest. | + | :'''Origin''': Lateral head from the lateral supracondyloid crest of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]]. The medial head from the medial supracondyloid crest. |
− | :'''Insertion''': [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneus]] as part of the '''common calcaneal tendon''' | + | :'''Insertion''': [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneus]] as part of the '''common calcaneal tendon''' |
| :'''Action''': Extends the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]], assists in flexing the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Stifle Joint|stifle]] | | :'''Action''': Extends the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]], assists in flexing the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Stifle Joint|stifle]] |
− | :The two bellies combine in the middle of the crus, which twists around to the dorsal aspect of the ''superficial digital flexor''. A large bursa lies between these two tendons and a small bursa lies between the gastrocnemius and the its point of insertion on the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneus]]. | + | :The two bellies combine in the middle of the crus, which twists around to the dorsal aspect of the ''superficial digital flexor''. A large bursa lies between these two tendons and a small bursa lies between the gastrocnemius and the its point of insertion on the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneus]]. |
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| '''''Soleus''''' | | '''''Soleus''''' |
− | :'''Origin''': Head of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|fibula]] | + | :'''Origin''': Head of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|fibula]] |
| :'''Insertion''': Joins the lateral head of the ''gastrocnemius'' to become part of the gastrocnemius tendon | | :'''Insertion''': Joins the lateral head of the ''gastrocnemius'' to become part of the gastrocnemius tendon |
| :'''Action''': Mainly to assist the ''gastrocnemius'' | | :'''Action''': Mainly to assist the ''gastrocnemius'' |
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| '''''Superficial digital flexor''''' | | '''''Superficial digital flexor''''' |
− | :'''Origin''': Supracondylar fossa on the caudal [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]], attached to the lateral head of the ''gastrocnemius'' | + | :'''Origin''': Supracondylar fossa on the caudal [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]], attached to the lateral head of the ''gastrocnemius'' |
− | :'''Insertion''': [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|Calcaneus]], the eminences on the sides of the proximal extremity of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Middle Phalanx|middle phalanx]], and the distal extremity of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Phalanx|proximal phalanx]] behind the collateral ligament of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Interphalangeal (Pastern) Joint|proximal interphalangeal]] (pastern) joint . | + | :'''Insertion''': [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|Calcaneus]], the eminences on the sides of the proximal extremity of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Middle Phalanx|middle phalanx]], and the distal extremity of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Phalanx|proximal phalanx]] behind the collateral ligament of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Interphalangeal (Pastern) Joint|proximal interphalangeal]] (pastern) joint . |
| :'''Action''': Extends the digit, assists in extending the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]] and flexing the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Stifle Joint|stifle]]. | | :'''Action''': Extends the digit, assists in extending the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]] and flexing the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Stifle Joint|stifle]]. |
| :Almost entirely tendinous, major component of the '''common cunean tendon''' which forms the caudal part of the [[Stay Apparatus - Horse Anatomy#Reciprocal Mechanism|reciprocal apparatus]]. | | :Almost entirely tendinous, major component of the '''common cunean tendon''' which forms the caudal part of the [[Stay Apparatus - Horse Anatomy#Reciprocal Mechanism|reciprocal apparatus]]. |
− | :Widens at the point of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|hock]] to form a cap over the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneal tuberosity]]. The calcaneal bursa lies between the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneal tuberosity]] and the [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Flexors|superficial digital flexor tendon]]. | + | :Widens at the point of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|hock]] to form a cap over the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneal tuberosity]]. The calcaneal bursa lies between the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneal tuberosity]] and the [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Flexors|superficial digital flexor tendon]]. |
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| '''''Deep digital flexor''''' | | '''''Deep digital flexor''''' |
− | :'''Origin''': The deep digital flexor muscle has three heads, originating from the lateral condyle of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|fibula]], the caudal and medial aspect of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]]. | + | :'''Origin''': The deep digital flexor muscle has three heads, originating from the lateral condyle of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|fibula]], the caudal and medial aspect of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]]. |
| :'''Insertion''': Semilunar crest and adjacent surface of the cartilage of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal phalanx]], continues as the [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Flexors|deep digital flexor tendon]] to insert on the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal phalanx]] | | :'''Insertion''': Semilunar crest and adjacent surface of the cartilage of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal phalanx]], continues as the [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Flexors|deep digital flexor tendon]] to insert on the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal phalanx]] |
| :'''Action''': Flexes the digit | | :'''Action''': Flexes the digit |
− | :The tendon has a synovial sheath from the distal fourth of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]], to a third of the way down the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|metatarsus]]. | + | :The tendon has a synovial sheath from the distal fourth of the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]], to a third of the way down the [[Limb Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|metatarsus]]. |
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| }} | | }} |
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− | [[Category:To Do - AP Review]] | + | |
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| + | {{review}} |
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| + | [[Category:Muscles |
| + | ==Webinars== |
| + | <rss max="10" filter="equine" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/internal-medicine/webinars/feed</rss> |
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| + | - Horse Anatomy]] |