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− | {{toplink | + | {{OpenPagesTop}} |
− | |backcolour =EED2EE
| + | ==Introduction== |
− | |linkpage =Reproductive System - Anatomy & Physiology
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− | |linktext =Reproductive System
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− | |maplink = Reproductive System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology
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− | |pagetype =Anatomy
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− | |sublink1=Reproductive System - Anatomy & Physiology#Female Reproductive Tract
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− | |subtext1=FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
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− | }}
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− | <br>
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− | =Introduction=
| + | Ovarian cycles are from oestrus to oestrus. Oestrus is the easily identifiable external marker. It should be noted that Oestrus is the noun and oestrous is the adjective. |
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− | Ovarian cycles are from oestrus to oestrus. Oestrus is the easily identifiable external marker.
| + | '''Classification of Oestrous Cycles ''' can be done based on '''vaginal cytology''' or '''secretory patterns of the ovary'''. |
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− | | + | ==Based on Vaginal Cytology == |
− | = Classification of Oestrous Cycles =
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− | | |
− | == Based on Vaginal Cytology == | |
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| === Pro-Oestrus === | | === Pro-Oestrus === |
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| * Marked increase in reproductive activity. | | * Marked increase in reproductive activity. |
| * Endocrine transition from progesterone to oestrogen dominance under the influence of gonadotrophins LH and FSH. | | * Endocrine transition from progesterone to oestrogen dominance under the influence of gonadotrophins LH and FSH. |
− | * Follicular growth and regression of the corpus luteum of the previous cycle (in polyoestrous species). | + | * Follicular growth and [[Corpus Luteum Regression - Anatomy & Physiology|regression of the corpus luteum]] of the previous cycle (in polyoestrous species). |
| * Uterus enlarges slightly | | * Uterus enlarges slightly |
− | * Endometrium becomes congested and oedematous, glands show secretory activity. | + | * [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology#Endometrium|Endometrium]] becomes congested and oedematous, glands show secretory activity. |
− | * Vaginal mucous becomes hyperaemic. | + | * [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology#Vagina_2|Vaginal]] mucous becomes hyperaemic. |
− | ** Increase in cell numbers in the vaginal epithelium. | + | ** Increase in cell numbers in the [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology#Vagina_2|vaginal]] epithelium. |
| ** Superficial layers become cornified. | | ** Superficial layers become cornified. |
− | * The '''bitch''' shows external evidence: | + | * The '''[[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology#Bitch|bitch]]''' shows external evidence: |
− | ** Vulval oedema | + | ** [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology#Vulva|Vulval]] oedema |
| ** Hyperaemia | | ** Hyperaemia |
| ** Sanguinous vulval discharge | | ** Sanguinous vulval discharge |
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| === Oestrus === | | === Oestrus === |
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− | * The period where the female will accept the male for copulation. | + | * The period where the female will accept the male for [[Copulatory Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|copulation]]. |
| * The onset and end of oestrus are the only stages of the oetrous cycle that can be accurately measured. They are therefore used to determine cycle length. | | * The onset and end of oestrus are the only stages of the oetrous cycle that can be accurately measured. They are therefore used to determine cycle length. |
| * Female seeks out the male and 'stands' to be mounted. | | * Female seeks out the male and 'stands' to be mounted. |
− | * Uterine, cervical and vaginal glands secrete increased amounts of mucus. | + | * [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|Uterine]], [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|cervical]] and [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology#Vagina_2|vaginal glands]] secrete increased amounts of mucus. |
− | * Vaginal epithelium and uterine endometrium becomes hyperaemic and congested. | + | * Vaginal epithelium and [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology#Endometrium|uterine endometrium]] becomes hyperaemic and congested. |
− | * Cervix is relaxed | + | * [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|Cervix]] is relaxed |
− | * Ovulation occurs during this phase in all domestic species except the cow. | + | * [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|Ovulation]] occurs during this phase in all domestic species except the cow. |
− | ** The cow ovulates ~12 hours after the end of oestrus. | + | ** The cow [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|ovulates]] ~12 hours after the end of oestrus. |
− | * Ovulation is spontaneous in all domestic species except the cat, rabbit and camelids. In these species it is induced by the act of copulation. | + | * [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|Ovulation]] is spontaneous in all domestic species except the cat, rabbit and camelids. In these species it is induced by the act of [[Copulatory Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|copulation]]. |
− | * During pro-oestrous and oestrus there is follicular growth with no functional corpora lutea present on the ovary (aka follicular phase). | + | * During pro-oestrous and oestrus there is [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology#Folliculogenesis|follicular growth]] with no functional [[Corpus Luteum - Anatomy & Physiology|corpora lutea]] present on the [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovary]] (aka follicular phase). |
| * The main ovarian hormone production is Oestrogen. | | * The main ovarian hormone production is Oestrogen. |
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| * The phase after oestrus | | * The phase after oestrus |
− | * Granulosa cells of the ovulated follicle give rise to lutein cells, which are responsible for the formation of the corpus luteum. | + | * During early metoestrus, both oestrogen and progesterone levels are relatively low. |
− | * Reduction in secretion from uterine, cervical and vaginal glands. | + | * Granulosa cells of the [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|ovulated]] [[Follicles - Anatomy & Physiology|follicles]] give rise to lutein cells, which are responsible for the [[Corpus Luteum Formation - Anatomy & Physiology|formation of the corpus luteum]] (luteinisation). |
| + | * Progesterone secretion is detectable soon after [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|ovulation]], with significant quantities produced in 2-5 days. This marks a transition from oestrogen to progesterone dominance. |
| + | * Reduction in secretion from [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|uterine]], [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|cervical]] and [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology#Vagina_2|vaginal glands]]. |
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| === Dioestrus === | | === Dioestrus === |
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− | * The corpus luteum is present on the ovary and secreting large amounts of progesterone. | + | * Longest phase of the oestrous cycle, which usually laste 10-14 days in polyoestrous females. |
| + | * The [[Corpus Luteum - Anatomy & Physiology|corpus luteum]] is present on the [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovary]] and secreting large amounts of progesterone. The duration of this phase is directly related to the time that the corpus luteum remains functional. |
| + | * High progesterone levels prompt the uterus to prepare a suitable environment for development of the embryo, and eventual [[Implantation - Anatomy & Physiology|attachment of the conceptus to the endometrium]] (implantation). |
| * Uterine glands undergo hyperplasia and hypertrophy. | | * Uterine glands undergo hyperplasia and hypertrophy. |
− | * Cervix becomes constricted | + | * [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|Cervix]] becomes constricted |
| * Secretions of the tract are scant and sticky. | | * Secretions of the tract are scant and sticky. |
− | * Vaginal mucosa becomes pale. | + | * [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology#Vagina_2|Vaginal mucosa]] becomes pale. |
| + | * Ends with the [[Corpus Luteum Regression - Anatomy & Physiology|regression of the corpus luteum]] (luteolysis). |
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| === Anoestrus === | | === Anoestrus === |
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| * Follicular development is minimal and corpora lutea have regressed and are non-functional. | | * Follicular development is minimal and corpora lutea have regressed and are non-functional. |
| * Secretions are scanty | | * Secretions are scanty |
− | * Cervix is constricted | + | * [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|Cervix]] is constricted |
| * Vaginal Mucosa is pale | | * Vaginal Mucosa is pale |
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| * Oestrogen dominant | | * Oestrogen dominant |
− | * Includes proliferation of the endometrium. | + | * Includes proliferation of the [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology#Endometrium|endometrium]]. |
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| === Secretory Phase === | | === Secretory Phase === |
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| * Includes secretions from the uterus, such as 'uterine milk' to sustain the fertilised ovum until implantaion. | | * Includes secretions from the uterus, such as 'uterine milk' to sustain the fertilised ovum until implantaion. |
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− | =Comparative Oestrous Cycles= | + | ==Comparative Oestrous Cycles== |
| + | |
| + | {| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1" |
| + | |
| + | !'''Species''' |
| + | !'''Mare''' |
| + | !'''Cow''' |
| + | !'''Sow''' |
| + | !'''Ewe''' |
| + | !'''Bitch''' |
| + | !'''Queen''' |
| + | |- |
| + | | '''Length of Oestrous Cycle (days)''' |
| + | | 21 |
| + | | 21 |
| + | | 21 |
| + | | 17 |
| + | | 93 |
| + | | Variable |
| + | |- |
| + | | '''Duration of Oestrus''' |
| + | | 4-8 days |
| + | | 12-36 hours |
| + | | 48-96 hours |
| + | | 24-48 hours |
| + | | 7-13 days |
| + | | 4-10 days |
| + | |- |
| + | | '''Duration of Follicular Phase (days)''' |
| + | | 7 (variable) |
| + | | 4 |
| + | | 7 |
| + | | 3 |
| + | | 18 |
| + | | Variable |
| + | |- |
| + | | '''Duration of Luteal Phase (days)''' |
| + | | 14 |
| + | | 17 |
| + | | 14 |
| + | | 14 |
| + | | 75 |
| + | | 40 |
| + | | |
| + | |} |
| + | |
| + | <big><b> |
| + | Oestrus Cycles in: |
| + | :[[Oestrous Cycle - Horse|Mare]] |
| + | :[[Oestrous Cycle - Dog|Bitch]] |
| + | :[[Oestrous Cycle - Cat|Queen]] |
| + | :[[Oestrous Cycle - Cattle|Cow]] |
| + | :[[Oestrous Cycle - Sheep|Ewe]] |
| + | :[[Oestrous Cycle - Goat|Nanny Goat]] |
| + | :[[Oestrous Cycle - Pig|Sow]] |
| + | |
| + | </b></big> |
| + | |
| + | == Links == |
| + | |
| + | * [[Oestrous Cycle Pharmacological Manipulation - Anatomy & Physiology|Pharmacological Manipulation of Oestrous Cycles]] |
| + | * [[Oestrus Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology| Oestrus Behaviour and Methods of Oestrus Detection]] |
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− | = Links = | + | ==Webinars== |
| + | <rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/urogenital-and-reproduction/webinars/feed</rss> |
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− | [[Oestrous_Cycle_-Pharmacological_Manipulation_of_Oestrous_Cycles_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|Pharmacological Manipulation of Oestrous Cycles]] | + | [[Category:Oestrous Cycles]] |
| + | [[Category:Bullet Points]] |