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===Central Nervous System (CNS)===

===Central Nervous System (CNS)===

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The central nervous system is comprised of the '''brain and spinal cord'''. The brain is contained within the skull, and the spinal cord is contained within the spinal vertebral canal. The brain is covered, and protected, by the meninges. The meninges are comprised of three layers: the dura mater (the outermost layer), the arachnoid mater (the middle layer), and the pia mater (the innermost layer).[[Cerebral Spinal Fluid - Anatomy & Physiology|Cerebral Spinal Fluid]] (CSF) is the fluid surrounding the brain as well as the central canal of the spinal cord which helps cushion the CNS, acts as a chemical buffer, provides immunological protection and transports waste products and nutrients. Nerves arising from the brain and brain stem are the [[#Innervation - cranial nerves| cranial nerves]] whilst those arising from the spinal cord are the [[PNS Structure - Anatomy & Physiology|perhipheral nerves]].

The central nervous system is comprised of the '''brain and spinal cord'''. The brain is contained within the skull, and the spinal cord is contained within the spinal vertebral canal. The brain is covered and protected by the meninges. The meninges are comprised of three layers: the dura mater (the outermost layer), the arachnoid mater (the middle layer), and the pia mater (the innermost layer). [[Cerebral Spinal Fluid - Anatomy & Physiology|Cerebral Spinal Fluid]] (CSF) is the fluid surrounding the brain as well as the central canal of the spinal cord which helps cushion the CNS, acts as a chemical buffer, provides immunological protection and transports waste products and nutrients. Nerves arising from the brain and brain stem are the [[#Innervation - cranial nerves| cranial nerves]] whilst those arising from the spinal cord are the [[PNS Structure - Anatomy & Physiology|perhipheral nerves]].

*[[CNS Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Development]]

*[[CNS Development - Anatomy & Physiology|Development]]

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The Peripheral Nervous System includes both [[#Innervation - cranial nerves| cranial nerves]] and [[#Innervation - spinal nerves| spinal nerves]], and is commonly divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The [[Somatic Nervous System - Anatomy & Physiology|somatic nervous system]] co-ordinates body movements and also receives external stimuli. It basically regulates activities that are under conscious control.

The Peripheral Nervous System includes both [[#Innervation - cranial nerves| cranial nerves]] and [[#Innervation - spinal nerves| spinal nerves]], and is commonly divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The [[Somatic Nervous System - Anatomy & Physiology|somatic nervous system]] co-ordinates body movements and also receives external stimuli. It basically regulates activities that are under conscious control.

The [[Autonomic Nervous System - Anatomy & Physiology|autonomic nervous system]] contains the [[Sympathetic Nervous System - Anatomy & Physiology|sympathetic nervous system]] and the [[Parasympathetic Nervous System - Anatomy & Physiology|parasympathetic nervous system]] as well as an enteric division. The sympathetic nervous system is the ‘fight or flight’ system which comes into role when an animal is under threat, it's main neurotransmitter is adrenaline. The parasympathetic nervous system is the ‘rest and digest’ system which is responsible for digestion; the primary neurotransmitter is acetylcholine. Further information on the structure, physiology and pathology of the PNS is available from the following links:

The [[Autonomic Nervous System - Anatomy & Physiology|autonomic nervous system]] contains the [[Sympathetic Nervous System - Anatomy & Physiology|sympathetic nervous system]] and the [[Parasympathetic Nervous System - Anatomy & Physiology|parasympathetic nervous system]] as well as an enteric division. The sympathetic nervous system is the ‘fight or flight’ system which is triggered when an animal is under threat; it's main neurotransmitter is adrenaline. The parasympathetic nervous system is the ‘rest and digest’ system which is responsible for digestion; the primary neurotransmitter is acetylcholine. Further information on the structure, physiology and pathology of the PNS is available from the following links:

*[[PNS Structure - Anatomy & Physiology|Structure]]

*[[PNS Structure - Anatomy & Physiology|Structure]]

===Information Pathways===

===Information Pathways===

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In physiological terms, when processing information the the CNS and PNS are integrated into pathways; examples would include [[Motor Pathways - Anatomy & Physiology|motor pathways]] and [[Sensory Pathways - Anatomy & Physiology|sensory pathways]]. Motor pathways carry signals from the cerebellum to the skeletal muscle using upper and lower motor neurones connected via the [[Motor_Pathways_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Pyramidal_System_.28Corticospinal.29|pyramidal system]] or the [[Motor_Pathways_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Extrapyramidal_System|extrapyramidal system]]. Sensory pathways carry sensory information detected by peripheral nerves in an ascending path  through the spinal cord to the higher levels of the brain. Types of general somatic sensation include pain, touch, temperature and kinaesthesia (conscious proprioception).

In physiological terms, when processing information the CNS and PNS are integrated into pathways; examples would include [[Motor Pathways - Anatomy & Physiology|motor pathways]] and [[Sensory Pathways - Anatomy & Physiology|sensory pathways]]. Motor pathways carry signals from the cerebellum to the skeletal muscles using upper and lower motor neurons connected via the [[Motor_Pathways_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Pyramidal_System_.28Corticospinal.29|pyramidal system]] or the [[Motor_Pathways_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Extrapyramidal_System|extrapyramidal system]]. Sensory pathways carry sensory information detected by peripheral nerves in an ascending path  through the spinal cord to the higher levels of the brain. Types of general somatic sensation include pain, touch, temperature and kinaesthesia (conscious proprioception).

==Special Senses==

==Special Senses==

In anatomy, there are four major senses which have specialised organs assocated with them. They are the [[Eye - Anatomy & Physiology|eye]],the [[Ear - Anatomy & Physiology|ear]], the [[Nose - Anatomy & Physiology|nose]] and the [[Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]]. These organs process visual, auditory, olfactory and taste sensations respectively.

In anatomy, there are four major senses which have specialised organs assocated with them. They are the [[Eye - Anatomy & Physiology|eye]], the [[Ear - Anatomy & Physiology|ear]], the [[Nose - Anatomy & Physiology|nose]] and the [[Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]]. These organs process visual, auditory, olfactory and taste sensations respectively.

==Test yourself - Nervous System and Special Senses flashcards==

==Test yourself - Nervous System and Special Senses flashcards==