Changes

Also Known As: '''''Akabane Disease — AKA — Arthrogryposis Hydrancephaly Syndrome — AH Syndrome — Congenital Articular Rigidity — CAR — Congenital Arthrogryposis and Hydrancephaly Syndrome  '''''

Also Known As: '''''Akabane Disease — AKA — Arthrogryposis Hydrancephaly Syndrome — AH Syndrome — Congenital Articular Rigidity — CAR — Congenital Arthrogryposis and Hydrancephaly Syndrome  '''''

Tropical and temperate regions, particularly '''Africa''' where it is thought to be present throughout the continent. Seroconversion in Kenya may be as high as 95% in animals of breeding age. In areas where infection prevalence is extremely high, no pathologic effects are seen due to the development of long lasting immunity at an early age.

Tropical and temperate regions, particularly '''Africa''' where it is thought to be present throughout the continent. Seroconversion in Kenya may be as high as 95% in animals of breeding age. In areas where infection prevalence is extremely high, no pathologic effects are seen due to the development of long lasting immunity at an early age.

Akabane virus is transmitted by '''insect vectors, mainly [[Ceratopogonidae|''Culicoides'' midges]]''' but also '''[[Culicidae|mosquitoes]]''' of the ''Aedes ''spp. and ''Culex'' spp. and some species of '''[[Ticks|tick]]'''. Mosquitoes appear to be solely mechanical vectors as no viral replication occurs within them.

Akabane virus is transmitted by '''insect vectors, mainly [[Ceratopogonidae|''Culicoides'' midges]]''' but also '''[[Culicidae|mosquitoes]]''' of the ''Aedes ''spp. and ''Culex'' spp. and some species of '''[[Ticks|tick]]'''. Mosquitoes may be solely mechanical vectors as no viral replication has been demonstrated to occur within them unlike Culicodes species.

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

Akabane can also result in '''abortion or births of stillborns''' if foetal damage is too severe. Infertility and agalactia may also be seen in infected females but this is uncommon.

Akabane can also result in '''abortion or births of stillborns''' if foetal damage is too severe. Infertility and agalactia may also be seen in infected females but this is uncommon.

The pathogenesis depends on the '''timing of infection'''; the critical periods are 76-249 days in the cow and 30-53 days in the ewe.  

The pathogenesis and subsequent pathology depends on the '''timing of infection'''; the critical periods are 76-249 days in the cow and 30-53 days in the ewe.

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

Antibodies to AKA may persist for up to 2 years after infection and often do not indicate clinical disease so are of little clinical use.

Antibodies to AKA may persist for up to 2 years after infection and often do not indicate clinical disease so are of little clinical use.

 

The foetus and placenta from animals infected with Akabane demonstrate '''subcutaneous petechiation and ecchymotic''' bleeding. '''White, turbid spots''' are apparent on the amnion. '''Erosions''' are common between the nares and digits of the foetus. A '''fibrinous polyarticular synovitis''' is often accompanied by navel infection, synovitis and other congenital lesions. The '''limbs are usually locked''' in position. CNS lesions will be present in the spinal cord, cerebellum and motor spinal nerves.

CNS lesions will be present in the spinal cord, cerebellum and motor spinal nerves. The '''limbs are usually locked''' in position due to the arthrogryposis and a fibrinous polyarticular synovitis may be present.

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

{{review}}

{{Nick Lyons

|date = July 8, 2012}}

 

 

 

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