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== Introduction  ==

== Introduction  ==

This affects any bovid of any age, but most commonly calves or cattle housed over winter.

This affects any bovid of any age, but most commonly calves or cattle housed over winter.

== Clinical Signs ==

== Clinical Signs ==

This virus may cause [[rhinitis]] of cattle when acting alone and with secondary infections may cause signs such as coughing and nasal discharge. If involved in calf pneumonia complex, then signs relating to that will also be seen such as dyspnoea, coughing, increased respiratory rate and general malaise.

This virus may cause [[rhinitis]] of cattle when acting alone and with secondary infections may cause signs such as coughing and nasal discharge. If involved in calf pneumonia complex, then signs relating to that will also be seen such as dyspnoea, coughing, increased respiratory rate and general malaise.

== Diagnosis  ==

== Diagnosis  ==

Positive confirmation lies in a [[Immunofluorescence|Fluorescent Antibody Test (FAT)]] to the specific virus on frozen sections of tissue.

Positive confirmation lies in a [[Immunofluorescence|Fluorescent Antibody Test (FAT)]] to the specific virus on frozen sections of tissue.

== Treatment and Control  ==

== Treatment and Control  ==

Some vaccination does occur and is available in the UK. Immunity does not last and re-infection is common.

Some vaccination does occur and is available in the UK. Immunity does not last and re-infection is common.

== References ==

== References ==

Andrews, A.H, Blowey, R.W, Boyd, H and Eddy, R.G. (2004) Bovine Medicine (Second edition), Blackwell Publishing

Andrews, A.H, Blowey, R.W, Boyd, H and Eddy, R.G. (2004) '''Bovine Medicine '''(Second edition), ''Blackwell Publishing''

Blood, D.C. and Studdert, V. P. (1999) Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary (2nd Edition), Elsevier Science

Blood, D.C. and Studdert, V. P. (1999) '''Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary''' (2nd Edition), ''Elsevier Science''

Bridger, J and Russel, P (2007) Virology study guide, Royal Veterinary College

Bridger, J and Russel, P (2007) '''Virology study guide, '''''Royal Veterinary College''

Merck & Co (2008) The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition), Merial

Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual''' (Eighth Edition), ''Merial''

Radostits, O.M, Arundel, J.H, and Gay, C.C. (2000) Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses, Elsevier Health Sciences

Radostits, O.M, Arundel, J.H, and Gay, C.C. (2000) '''Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses, '''''Elsevier Health Sciences''

[[Category:Paramyxovirinae]] [[Category:Cattle_Viruses]] [[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Cattle]] [[Category:Expert_Review - Farm Animal]] [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]

[[Category:Paramyxovirinae]] [[Category:Cattle_Viruses]] [[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Cattle]] [[Category:Expert_Review - Farm Animal]] [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]