Changes

===Cat:===   

===Cat:===   

Feeding chloride at dietary contents of 1.1% DM to kittens or 1.2% DM to adult cats as the calcium salt did not result in adverse effects<ref>Pastoor, F, Van’t Klooster, AT, Beynen, A (1994). “Calcium chloride as urinary acidifier in relation to its potential use in the prevention of struvite urolithiasis in the cat”. Vet. Q. 16(suppl.):37S-38S.</ref><ref>Pastoor, F, Opitz, R, Van’t Klooster, AT, Beynen, A (1994). “Substitution of dietary calcium chloride for calcium carbonate reduces urinary pH and urinary phosphorus excretion in adult cats”. Vet. Q. 16:157-160.</ref>. However, negative calcium and potassium balances were reported by Ching et al.<ref>Ching, S, Fettman, M, Hamar, D, Nagode, LA, Smith, K (1989). “The effect of chronic dietary acidification using ammonium chloride on acid-base and mineral metabolism in the adult cat”. J. Nutr. 119:902-915.</ref> in adult cats fed a diet with a chloride content of 1.6% DM for five months. This value is substantially lower than the theoretical acceptable chloride content for dogs shown above. Nevertheless, these cats received the increased chloride mainly as the ammonium salt, which produces a greater degree of metabolic acidosis than occurs with calcium or sodium salts. This may have resulted in the adverse effects on calcium and potassium balances. It is clear, therefore, that the toxicity of excessive chloride in the diet depends crucially on the mineral salt that is delivering the increased amount. If the dietary chloride is mainly in the form of neutral salts (such as sodium), then the acceptable value for the dog will also be applicable to cats, since the acceptable dietary sodium content for cats is similar to that for dogs <span style="color:red">[Link to WikiVet Sodium]</span>.

Feeding chloride at dietary contents of 1.1% DM to kittens or 1.2% DM to adult cats as the calcium salt did not result in adverse effects<ref>Pastoor, F, Van’t Klooster, AT, Beynen, A (1994). “Calcium chloride as urinary acidifier in relation to its potential use in the prevention of struvite urolithiasis in the cat”. Vet. Q. 16(suppl.):37S-38S.</ref><ref>Pastoor, F, Opitz, R, Van’t Klooster, AT, Beynen, A (1994). “Substitution of dietary calcium chloride for calcium carbonate reduces urinary pH and urinary phosphorus excretion in adult cats”. Vet. Q. 16:157-160.</ref>. However, negative calcium and potassium balances were reported by Ching et al.<ref>Ching, S, Fettman, M, Hamar, D, Nagode, LA, Smith, K (1989). “The effect of chronic dietary acidification using ammonium chloride on acid-base and mineral metabolism in the adult cat”. J. Nutr. 119:902-915.</ref> in adult cats fed a diet with a chloride content of 1.6% DM for five months. This value is substantially lower than the theoretical acceptable chloride content for dogs shown above. Nevertheless, these cats received the increased chloride mainly as the ammonium salt, which produces a greater degree of metabolic acidosis than occurs with calcium or sodium salts. This may have resulted in the adverse effects on calcium and potassium balances. It is clear, therefore, that the toxicity of excessive chloride in the diet depends crucially on the mineral salt that is delivering the increased amount. If the dietary chloride is mainly in the form of neutral salts (such as sodium), then the acceptable value for the dog will also be applicable to cats, since the acceptable dietary [[Sodium - Nutrition|sodium]] content for cats is similar to that for dogs.

==Dietary Sources==

==Dietary Sources==