Difference between revisions of "Dystocia"
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
| − | Dystocia refers to abnormal or difficult birth. Causes include maternal factors such as uterine inertia and inadequate size of the birth canal and/or foetal factors such as foetal oversize or abnormal orientation. | + | Dystocia refers to abnormal or difficult birth. Causes include maternal factors such as [[Uterine Inertia|uterine inertia]] and inadequate size of the birth canal and/or foetal factors such as foetal oversize or abnormal orientation. |
| − | Other factors influencing dystocia include: breed, age, parity, body condition, environment, nutritional status and energy balance. | + | Other factors influencing dystocia include: breed, age, parity, body condition, environment, nutritional status and energy balance. [[Normal Parturition - Anatomy & Physiology|Parturition is divided into three stages]]. |
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| − | Parturition is divided into three stages | ||
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==Incidence of Dystocia== | ==Incidence of Dystocia== | ||
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'''Queen''': similar to the dog, foetomaternal disproportion is more common with smaller litters. | '''Queen''': similar to the dog, foetomaternal disproportion is more common with smaller litters. | ||
| − | ==Postpartum | + | ==Postpartum Complications== |
Dystocia leads to an increased incidence of '''stillbirths''', foetal rejection by the dam, increased '''neonatal mortality''' and morbidity, increased incidence of mortality in the dam, reduced dam productivity and fertility, increased incidence of sterility, '''puerperal disease''' and culling. | Dystocia leads to an increased incidence of '''stillbirths''', foetal rejection by the dam, increased '''neonatal mortality''' and morbidity, increased incidence of mortality in the dam, reduced dam productivity and fertility, increased incidence of sterility, '''puerperal disease''' and culling. | ||
| − | ==Dystocia in | + | ==Dystocia in Different Species== |
[[Dystocia - Dog & Cat|Dystocia in the dog and cat]] | [[Dystocia - Dog & Cat|Dystocia in the dog and cat]] | ||
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[[Category:Reproductive Disorders]][[Category:Parturition]] | [[Category:Reproductive Disorders]][[Category:Parturition]] | ||
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Latest revision as of 13:11, 5 July 2012
Introduction
Dystocia refers to abnormal or difficult birth. Causes include maternal factors such as uterine inertia and inadequate size of the birth canal and/or foetal factors such as foetal oversize or abnormal orientation.
Other factors influencing dystocia include: breed, age, parity, body condition, environment, nutritional status and energy balance. Parturition is divided into three stages.
Incidence of Dystocia
Figure of incidence are often unreliable as the assessment of dystocia is highly subjective.
Average figures are:
Cow: 3-4% in dairy cows, much higher in some beef breeds
Mare: 1-2% of ponies, up to 10% in some draught breeds
Ewe: 2-3%, can reach 30% in some flocks
Sow: <1%
Bitch: Can be 100% in some brachycephalic/achondroplastic breeds
Queen: Low in feral animals, high in brachycephalics
Common Causes
Maternal factors tend to be more important in polycotous species, and foetal factors tend to be more important in monocotous species.
Cow: foetomaternal disproportion is common in heifers and beef breeds. Faulty disposition is also important
Mare: faulty disposition, especially postural abnormalities. Foetomaternal disproportion is rare.
Ewe: faulty disposition and twin presentations are the most frequent but are readily dealt with by the shepherd. Foetomaternal disproportion and ring womb are also common.
Sow: uterine inertia, foetomaternal disproportion in gilts and simultaneous presentations occur rarely.
Bitch: uterine inertia, foetomaternal disproportion, especially in brachycephalic breeds as well as other breeds with small litters.
Queen: similar to the dog, foetomaternal disproportion is more common with smaller litters.
Postpartum Complications
Dystocia leads to an increased incidence of stillbirths, foetal rejection by the dam, increased neonatal mortality and morbidity, increased incidence of mortality in the dam, reduced dam productivity and fertility, increased incidence of sterility, puerperal disease and culling.
Dystocia in Different Species
References
Kahn, C. (2005) The Merck Veterinary Manual 9th Edition Merck and Co
von Heimendahl, A. Cariou, M. (2009) Normal parturition and management of dystocia in dogs and cats In Practice 31:254-261
Frame, N. (2006) Management of dystocia in cattle In Practice 28:470-476
McGladdery, A. (2001) Dystocia and postpartum complications in the mare In Practice 23:74-80
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