Epistaxis - Horse

Introduction

Epistaxis is the presence of blood at the external nares. It is not a condition alone and there are many underlying conditions that cause this clinical sign. There are many causes of epistaxis and these include:
'Respiratory Tract' Nasal aspergillosis, Ethmoidal haematoma, Exercise Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage, Rupture of rectus capitus, Mycotic infection of guttural pouches, nasolacrimal haemorrhage, nasal/pharyngeal trauma/foreign body, Sinus neoplasia, Sinus cyst, Sinusitis, lower airway disease and Pulmonary neoplasia.
'Cardiac' Mitral insufficiency and atrial fibrillation can causes epistaxis.
'Skeletal' Head trauma, such as rupture of the longis captis muscle or the rectus capitus, or a basihyoid fracture can all cause epistaxis.

Clinical Signs

Depending on the disease, the clinical signs will involve epistaxis +/- other signs related to the condition.

Diagnosis

Need to find the underlying cause, by varoius methods such as endoscopy, radiographs and a full physical exam at rest and at exercise. Other clinical signs such as the characteritics of nasal discharge and any asymmetry of the face are key clinical signs. History is important in diagnosis, such as if there is any history of trauma.

Treatment and Control

To treat epistaxis, one will need to find the underlying cause and treat this.