Changes

====Femoropatellar Joint====

====Femoropatellar Joint====

The femoropatellar joint is formed by the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy|femur]] and patella.  The patella is anchored to the femur by the  medial and lateral '''femoropatellar ligaments''' and to the tibia by three patellar ligaments:

The femoropatellar joint is formed by the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]] and [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Patella|patella]].  The [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Patella|patella]] is anchored to the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]]  by the  medial and lateral '''femoropatellar ligaments''' and to the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]]  by three patellar ligaments:

*'''Middle Patellar Ligament'''

*'''Middle Patellar Ligament'''

The middle patellar ligament connects the the cranial aspect of the '''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Patella|patella]]''' apex to the tibial tuberosity. It has two associated bursae; one between the ligament and the groove on the tibial tuberosity and one between the proximal part of the ligament and the patella apex. It is palpable just proximal to the tibial plateau.

The middle patellar ligament connects the the cranial aspect of the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Patella|patella]] apex to the tibial tuberosity. It has two associated bursae; one between the ligament and the groove on the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibial tuberosity]] and one between the proximal part of the ligament and the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Patella|patella]] apex. It is palpable just proximal to the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibial plateaux]].

*'''Lateral Patellar Ligament'''

*'''Lateral Patellar Ligament'''

The lateral patellar ligament attaches to the cranio-lateral aspect of the '''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Patella|patella]]''' and to the lateral aspect of the tibial tuberosity. This arrangement is crucial for the equine 'stay' apparatus and provides a '''locking ability'''. This ligament contains tendinous tissue from the ''biceps femoris'' and ''tensor fasciae latae'' muscles.

The lateral patellar ligament attaches to the cranio-lateral aspect of the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Patella|patella]] and to the lateral aspect of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibial tuberosity]]. This arrangement is crucial for the equine [[Stay Apparatus - Horse Anatomy#Pelvic Limb|stay apparatus]] and provides a '''locking ability'''. This ligament contains tendinous tissue from the ''biceps femoris'' and ''tensor fasciae latae'' muscles.

*'''Medial Patellar Ligament'''

*'''Medial Patellar Ligament'''

The medial patellar ligament connects the parapatellar fibrocartilage to the medial aspect of the tibial tuberosity. This ligament  contains tendinous elements of the ''sartorius'' and ''gracilis'' muscles.

The medial patellar ligament connects the parapatellar fibrocartilage to the medial aspect of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibial tuberosity]] . This ligament  contains tendinous elements of the ''sartorius'' and ''gracilis'' muscles.

Contraction of the quadriceps while in rest enables the patella to be hooked over the trochlea of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy|femur]] due to the binding loop formed by the patella, middle and medial patellar ligaments.  The '''femeropatellar joint''' capsule sometimes communicates with the '''lateral femerotibial''' cavity and usually with the '''medial'''. No communication exists between the femorotibial joints.

Contraction of the quadriceps while in rest enables the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Patella|patella]]  to be hooked over the trochlea of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]] due to the binding loop formed by the patella, middle and medial patellar ligaments.  The '''femeropatellar joint''' capsule sometimes communicates with the '''lateral femerotibial''' cavity and usually with the '''medial'''. No communication exists between the femorotibial joints.

===Tibiofibular Joint===

===Tibiofibular Joint===