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Puerperium - Anatomy & Physiology (view source)
Revision as of 18:23, 3 July 2012
, 18:23, 3 July 2012→Cat
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==Elimination of Bacterial Contamination of the Reproductive Tract==
Generally, parturition in domestic animals occurs in a non-sterile environment. As a result, bacterial contamination of the reproductive tract, especially the [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]], is an inevitable sequela to parturition.
* The postpartum tract containing lochia is an ideal environment for the growth of bacteria.
* Even though myometrial contractions remove the large volume of lochia, bacterial growth can continue.
* Bacterial contamination is not always associated with pathology.
* Normal post-partum events eliminate the bacterial flora within a reasonable time.
* Elevated oestrodiol promotes leukosis in the uterus and elsewhere in the tract.
* In some cases, high numbers of bacteria can overwhelm the natural defence mechanisms, resulting in [[Healing and Repair - Pathology#Female|postpartum uterine infection]].
* Conditions that predispose the uterus to infection are:
** Retained foetal membranes
** [[Dystocia]]
** Delay in lochial expulsion due to weak myometrial contractions.
==Factors Influencing the Puerperium==
=== Uterine Involution ===
==== Age ====
* More rapid in primiparia than pleuriparia
==== Season ====
* More rapid in spring and summer months.
==== Suckling vs Milking ====
* Results are contradictory
* May be a breed influence on the time taken to return to ovarian cyclicity
==== Climate ====
* Heat stress can accelerate and inhibit the speed of involution.
==== Periparturient Abnormalities ====
* Dystocia, retained placenta, hypocalcaemia, ketosis, twin calves and metritis delay involution.
* Periparturient problems cause a delay of the process of involution by ~5-8 days.
==== Delayed Return to Ovarian Cyclicity ====
* Inhibits involution
=== Restoration of the Endometrium ===
* Retained foetal membranes and metritis inhibit healing.
* Return to ovarian cyclicity may have an influence.
=== Return to Ovarian Cyclicity ===
This can be affected by; periparturient abnormalities, milk yield, nutrition, breed, parity, season, climate and suckling intensity and milking frequency.
==Species Differences in the Puerperium==
===[[Puerperium - Cow|Cow]] ===
===[[Puerperium - Mare|Mare]] ===
===[[Puerperium - Sheep and Goat|Ewe & Nanny Goat]] ===
===[[Puerperium - Sow| Sow]] ===
===[[Puerperium - Bitch| Bitch]]===
===[[Puerperium - Cat| Cat ]]===
[[Category:Pregnancy and Parturition]]
[[Category:Pregnancy and Parturition]]
[[Category:Bullet Points]]