Sample Quiz

A sample quiz taken from 'Urinary Anatomy and Physiology' section.

1

Which of the following structures is NOT a segment of a nephron?

	Loop of Henle
	Renal pelvis
	Juxtaglomerular apparatus
	Bowman's capsule
	Proximal convoluted tubule
Please select an option Incorrect. The Loop of Henle is the part of the nephron made up of descending and ascending limbs. WikiVet Article:Nephron. Correct! The renal pelvis is the part of the ureter that the collecting tubules drain into, it is not part of a nephron. WikiVet Article:Nephron. Incorrect. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a unique segment of the nephron where the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle passes between the afferent and efferent arterioles of its own glomerulus. WikiVet Article:Nephron. Incorrect. The Bowman's capsule is the part of the nephron that, along with a glomerulus, makes up a renal corpuscle. WikiVet Article:Nephron. Incorrect. The proximal convoluted tubule is the part of the nephron between the Bowman's capsule and Loop of Henle. WikiVet Article:Nephron.

2

What type of epithelium lines the renal pelvis, ureters and urinary bladder?

3

Renal corpuscles are present in which part of the kidney's structure?

	Renal pelvis
	Outer medulla
	Capsule
	Inner medulla
	Cortex
Please select an option Incorrect. The renal pelvis is a dilation of the proximal end of the ureter into which the collecting ducts open and urine drains. Renal corpuscles are present in the cortex. WikiVet Article: macroscopic renal anatomy. Incorrect. The medulla is characterised by straight tubules, collecting ducts and a special capillary network, the vasa recta. Renal corpuscles are present in the cortex. WikiVet Article: macroscopic renal anatomy. Incorrect. The capsule is the connective tissue covering of the kidney. Renal corpuscles are present in the cortex. WikiVet Article: macroscopic renal anatomy. Incorrect. The medulla is characterised by straight tubules, collecting ducts and a special capillary network, the vasa recta. Renal corpuscles are present in the cortex. WikiVet Article: macroscopic renal anatomy. Correct! Renal corpuscles are found in the renal cortex. WikiVet Article: macroscopic renal anatomy.

4

On which section of the nephron does aldosterone act to stimulate sodium reabsorption?

	The descending limb of the loop of Henle.
	The glomerulus.
	The proximal convoluted tubule.
	The late distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct.
	The ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
Please select an option Incorrect. All major hormonal controls of reabsorption are exerted on the late distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts. WikiVet Article: aldosterone. Incorrect. All major hormonal controls of reabsorption are exerted on the collecting ducts. WikiVet Article: aldosterone. Incorrect. All major hormonal controls of reabsorption are exerted on the late distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts. WikiVet Article: aldosterone. Correct! All major hormonal controls of reabsorption are exerted on these parts of the nephron. WikiVet Article: aldosterone. Incorrect. All major hormonal controls of reabsorption are exerted on the late distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts. WikiVet Article: aldosterone.

5

What is the sequence of blood vessels supplying the kidney?

	Aorta, renal artery, interlobar artery, interlobular artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, interlobular artery.
	Aorta, renal artery, interlobar artery, interlobular artery, arcuate artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus.
	Aorta, renal artery, arcuate artery, interlobar artery, interlobular artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus.
	Aorta, renal artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, interlobular artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus.
	Aorta, internal iliac, renal artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, interlobular artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus.
Please select an option Incorrect. Each kidney is supplied by a renal artery, a branch of the abdominal aorta. The renal artery divides into several interlobar arteries. These give rise to arcuate arteries at the corticomedullary junction. These in turn give origin to numerous interlobular arteries that supply the lobules into which the cortex is divided. Each interlobular artery gives rise to many branches (afferent arterioles) that supply individual glomeruli. WikiVet Article:Renal blood supply. Incorrect. Each kidney is supplied by a renal artery, a branch of the abdominal aorta. The renal artery divides into several interlobar arteries. These give rise to arcuate arteries at the corticomedullary junction. These in turn give origin to numerous interlobular arteries that supply the lobules into which the cortex is divided. Each interlobular artery gives rise to many branches (afferent arterioles) that supply individual glomeruli. WikiVet Article:Renal blood supply. Incorrect. Each kidney is supplied by a renal artery, a branch of the abdominal aorta. The renal artery divides into several interlobar arteries. These give rise to arcuate arteries at the corticomedullary junction. These in turn give origin to numerous interlobular arteries that supply the lobules into which the cortex is divided. Each interlobular artery gives rise to many branches (afferent arterioles) that supply individual glomeruli. WikiVet Article:Renal blood supply. Correct! Each kidney is supplied by a renal artery, a branch of the abdominal aorta. The renal artery divides into several interlobar arteries. These give rise to arcuate arteries at the corticomedullary junction. These in turn give origin to numerous interlobular arteries that supply the lobules into which the cortex is divided. Each interlobular artery gives rise to many branches (afferent arterioles) that supply individual glomeruli. WikiVet Article:Renal blood supply. Incorrect. Each kidney is supplied by a renal artery, a branch of the abdominal aorta. The renal artery divides into several interlobar arteries. These give rise to arcuate arteries at the corticomedullary junction. These in turn give origin to numerous interlobular arteries that supply the lobules into which the cortex is divided. Each interlobular artery gives rise to many branches (afferent arterioles) that supply individual glomeruli. The internal iliac artery gives rise to the internal pudendal artery. WikiVet Article:Renal blood supply.

6

Where is the micturition centre located?

	Medulla oblongata
	Cerebral cortex
	Midbrain
	Thalamus
	Pons
Please select an option Incorrect. The micturition centre is located in the pons. It responds to sensory information from bladder stretch receptors by co-ordinating relaxation of the urethralis muscle along with detrusor contraction to produce emptying of the bladder. WikiVet Article: pons. Incorrect. The micturition centre is located in the pons. It responds to sensory information from bladder stretch receptors by co-ordinating relaxation of the urethralis muscle along with detrusor contraction to produce emptying of the bladder. WikiVet Article: pons. Incorrect. The micturition centre is located in the pons. It responds to sensory information from bladder stretch receptors by co-ordinating relaxation of the urethralis muscle along with detrusor contraction to produce emptying of the bladder. WikiVet Article: pons. Incorrect. The micturition centre is located in the pons. It responds to sensory information from bladder stretch receptors by co-ordinating relaxation of the urethralis muscle along with detrusor contraction to produce emptying of the bladder. WikiVet Article: pons. Correct! The micturition centre is located in the pons. It responds to sensory information from bladder stretch receptors by co-ordinating relaxation of the urethralis muscle along with detrusor contraction to produce emptying of the bladder. WikiVet Article: pons.

7

What happens during the phase of micturition when the parasympathetic nervous system is dominant?

	The internal urethral sphincter contracts the bladder neck.
	The detrusor muscle is relaxed.
	The pudendal nerve is stimulated.
	There is direct inhibition of the pelvic nerves by the hypogastric nerves.
	There is contraction of the detrusor muscle and inhibition of the pudendal nerve.
Please select an option Incorrect. This occurs during the storage phase when the sympathetic nervous system is dominant. When the parasympathetic nervous system is dominant there is contraction of the detrusor muscle and inhibition of the pudendal nerve. WikiVet Article: parasympathetic dominance. Incorrect. This occurs during the storage phase when the sympathetic nervous system is dominant. When the parasympathetic nervous system is dominant there is contraction of the detrusor muscle and inhibition of the pudendal nerve. WikiVet Article: parasympathetic dominance. Incorrect. This occurs during the storage phase when the sympathetic nervous system is dominant. When the parasympathetic nervous system is dominant there is contraction of the detrusor muscle and inhibition of the pudendal nerve. WikiVet Article: parasympathetic dominance. Incorrect. This occurs during the storage phase when the sympathetic nervous system is dominant. When the parasympathetic nervous system is dominant there is contraction of the detrusor muscle and inhibition of the pudendal nerve. WikiVet Article: parasympathetic dominance. Correct! The parasympathetic nervous system is dominant in the emptying phase which requires contraction of the detrusor muscle and inhibition of the pudendal nerve, thus causing relaxation of the urethralis muscle. WikiVet Article: parasympathetic dominance.

8

The role of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney is to synthesise and secrete which enzyme?

	Angiotensin II
	Renin
	Aldosterone
	Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
	Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Please select an option Incorrect. Angiotensin II is produced when angiotensin I, in the circulation, is acted on by angiotensin converting enzyme, which is found mostly in the lungs. The correct answer is renin. WikiVet Article: juxtaglomerular apparatus, angiotensin 2. Correct! The vascular elements of the juxtaglomerular apparatus contain modifed smooth muscle cells of the arterioles which contain secretory granules that synthesise and secrete the enzyme renin. WikiVet Article: juxtaglomerular apparatus. Incorrect. Aldosterone is synthesised by and secreted from cells of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland. The correct answer is renin. WikiVet Article: juxtaglomerular apparatus, adrenal gland. Incorrect. ADH is synthesised by cell bodies of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus, and is secreted from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The correct answer is renin. WikiVet Article: juxtaglomerular apparatus, hypothalamus. Incorrect. ANP is synthesised and secreted by cells in the cardiac atria. The correct answer is renin. WikiVet Article: juxtaglomerular apparatus, atria.

9

What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

	GFR is the volume of fluid filtered from Bowman's space into glomeruli per unit time.
	GFR is the volume of fluid excreted by the kidney per unit time.
	GFR is the fluid filtered from the glomeruli into Bowman's space, plus the fluid secreted into the nephron, minus the fluid reabsorbed from the nephron into the peritubular capillary network.
	The GFR is the volume of fluid filtered from the glomeruli into the Bowman's space per unit time.
	The GFR is the volume of fluid flowing through the glomerulus per unit time.
Please select an option Incorrect. The direction of fluid flow is from the glomeruli into Bowman's space. The GFR is the volume of fluid filtered from the glomeruli into the Bowman's space per unit time. WikiVet Article: GFR. Incorrect. The volume of fluid excreted by the kidney per unit time is the urine flow rate. The GFR is the volume of fluid filtered from the glomeruli into the Bowman's space per unit time. WikiVet Article: GFR. Incorrect. The fluid filtered from the glomeruli into Bowman's space, plus the fluid secreted into the nephron, minus the fluid reabsorbed from the nephron into the peritubular capillary network is the volume of fluid excreted by the kidney. The GFR is the volume of fluid filtered from the glomeruli into the Bowman's space per unit time. WikiVet Article: GFR. Correct! The GFR is the volume of fluid filtered from the glomeruli into the Bowman's space per unit time. WikiVet Article: GFR. Incorrect. The volume of fluid flowing through the glomerulus per unit time is the rate of blood flow through the glomerulus. The GFR is the volume of fluid filtered from the glomeruli into the Bowman's space per unit time. WikiVet Article: GFR.

10

The descending limb of the loop of Henle is freely permeable to which substance(s)?

	Glucose
	Sodium, potassium and chloride ions
	Amino acids
	Water
	Calcium and magnesium ions
Please select an option Incorrect. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to glucose. It is freely permeable to water. WikiVet Article: loop of Henle. Incorrect. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to electrolytes and they become concentrated in the lumen. It is freely permeable to water. WikiVet Article: loop of Henle. Incorrect. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to amino acids. It is freely permeable to water. WikiVet Article: loop of Henle. Correct! The descending limb of the loop of Henle is freely permeable to water. WikiVet Article: loop of Henle. Incorrect. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to electrolytes and they become concentrated in the lumen. It is freely permeable to water. WikiVet Article: loop of Henle.

11

Why is the oncotic pressure in the Bowman's space normally zero?

	The filtered fluid is essentially protein free.
	There is a large amount of protein in the Bowman's space.
	There is a large amount of protein reabsorbed in the nephron.
	There is high hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillary.
	There is high hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman's space.
Please select an option Correct! Most proteins are too large to be filtered and therefore remain in the glomerular capillary. Large proteins are not filtered into Bowman's capsule unless a component of the filtration barrier (e.g. the glomerular basement membrane) is damaged. WikiVet Article: glomerular filtration. Incorrect. Most proteins are too large to be filtered and therefore remain in the glomerular capillary. Large proteins are not filtered into Bowman's capsule unless a component of the filtration barrier (e.g. the glomerular basement membrane) is damaged in which case the oncotic pressure would be higher than zero. Oncotic pressure in the Bowman's capsule is normally zero because filtered fluid is essentially protein free. WikiVet Article: glomerular filtration. Incorrect. Large amounts of protein are not capable of being reabsorbed from the nephron back into the blood. Most proteins are too large to be filtered and therefore remain in the glomerular capillary. Large proteins are not filtered into Bowman's capsule unless a component of the filtration barrier (e.g. the glomerular basement membrane) is damaged. Oncotic pressure in the Bowman's capsule is normally zero because filtered fluid is essentially protein free. WikiVet Article: glomerular filtration. Incorrect. Hydrostatic pressure does not directly affect oncotic pressure. Most proteins are too large to be filtered and therefore remain in the glomerular capillary. Large proteins are not filtered into Bowman's capsule unless a component of the filtration barrier (e.g. the glomerular basement membrane) is damaged. Oncotic pressure in the Bowman's capsule is normally zero because filtered fluid is essentially protein free. WikiVet Article: glomerular filtration. Incorrect. There is high hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries causing filtration into the Bowman's space because there is low hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman's space. Oncotic pressure in the Bowman's capsule is normally zero because filtered fluid is essentially protein free. WikiVet Article: glomerular filtration.

12

In which segment(s) of the nephron is most of the filtered sodium, chloride and potassium ions reabsorbed?

	The descending limb of the loop of Henle.
	The late distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.
	The distal convoluted tubule.
	The ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
	The proximal convoluted tubule.
Please select an option Incorrect. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to electrolytes. Sodium, chloride and potassium ions are mainly reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule. WikiVet Article: proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle. Incorrect. In the late distal tubule and collecting duct potassium is actively secreted and aldosterone acts to increase sodium absorption and potassium excretion. Sodium, chloride and potassium ions are mainly reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule. WikiVet Article: proximal convoluted tubule, collecting duct. Incorrect. In the distal convoluted tubule chloride ions are transported with sodium ions (symport). Sodium, chloride and potassium ions are mainly reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule. WikiVet Article: proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule . Incorrect. In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle sodium, potassium and chloride ions are coupled and actively transported out of the lumen (symport). Sodium, chloride and potassium ions are passively reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule. WikiVet Article: proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle. Correct! Sodium, chloride and potassium ions are principally reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule- about 65% of the total reabsorption occures here. WikiVet Article: proximal convoluted tubule.

13

On which section(s) of the nephron does aldosterone act to stimulate sodium reabsorption?

	The descending limb of the loop of Henle.
	The glomerulus.
	The proximal convoluted tubule.
	The late distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct.
	The ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
Please select an option Incorrect. All major hormonal controls of reabsorption are exerted on the late distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts. WikiVet Article: aldosterone. Incorrect. All major hormonal controls of reabsorption are exerted on the collecting ducts. WikiVet Article:Aldosterone. Incorrect. All major hormonal controls of reabsorption are exerted on the late distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts. WikiVet Article:Aldosterone. Correct! All major hormonal controls of reabsorption are exerted on these parts of the nephron. WikiVet Article:Aldosterone. Incorrect. All major hormonal controls of reabsorption are exerted on the late distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts. WikiVet Article:Aldosterone.