Simuliidae

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Introduction

Also known as: Buffalo gnats


  • Found worldwide
  • Attacks a wide variety of hosts, including animals, birds and humans


Recognition

  • Small flies 2-4mm long
  • Black colouring
  • Arched thorax giving a 'hump-backed' appearance
  • Short, hairless antennae
  • Clear wings
  • No hairs or scales on wings


Life cycle

  • Eggs laid on plants or stones under flowing water
  • Larvae attach to submerged rocks and pupate
  • Conical shaped cocoon
  • Adults emerge en masse
  • Life cycle takes 1 month to complete


Pathogenesis

  • Most active in the morning and evening on warm, cloudy days
  • Cause painful, irritating bites
    • Only females suck blood
  • Cause anaemia if present in large numbers


Control

  • In warmer climates
    • Insecticides applied to breeding sites
    • Brush cleared to deprive the adult flies of resting sites
    • Not needed in temperate climates