Changes

Also Known As – VES – Calici virus infection –San Miguel Sea Lion Disease

Also Known As: '''''VES — Calicivirus infection — San Miguel Sea Lion Disease

Caused By – Calicivirus – San Miguel Sea Lion Virus – SMSV

Caused By: Calicivirus — San Miguel Sea Lion Virus — SMSV

 

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

Vesicular Exanthema of Swine (VES) was a '''[[Viruses|viral]] disease that affected pigs in America from 1932-1959''', causing a '''similar presentation''' to that of the '''notifiable [[Foot and Mouth Disease]] and massive economic losses'''. The disease only ever occurred in the USA, originating from California, and '''is now eradicated'''. The pathogens involved were '''[[Caliciviridae|caliciviruses]].'''

Vesicular Exanthema of Swine (VES) was a '''[[Viruses|viral]] disease that affected pigs in America from 1932-1959''', causing a '''similar presentation''' to that of the '''notifiable [[Foot and Mouth Disease]] and massive economic losses'''. The disease only ever occurred in the USA, originating from California, and is now eradicated. The pathogens involved were '''[[Caliciviridae|caliciviruses]].'''

'''Related viruses''' are now isolated from marine mammal species along the USA’s pacific coast, now dubbed '''San Miguel Sea Lion Virus (SMSV)''' and are still '''capable of causing vesicular disease in swine''' under experimental conditions.<ref>Smith, A. W., Akers, T. G., Madin, S. H., Vedros, N. A (1973) '''San Miguel sea lion virus isolation, preliminary characterization and relationship to vesicular exanthema of swine virus'''. Nature, 244:108-110</ref>

'''Related viruses''' are now isolated from marine mammal species along the USA’s pacific coast, now dubbed '''San Miguel Sea Lion Virus (SMSV)''' and are still '''capable of causing vesicular disease in swine''' under experimental conditions.<ref>Smith, A. W., Akers, T. G., Madin, S. H., Vedros, N. A (1973) '''San Miguel sea lion virus isolation, preliminary characterization and relationship to vesicular exanthema of swine virus'''. ''Nature'', 244:108-110</ref>

There was only ever one case of VES in a human and it was acquired during laboratory work, rather than from an infected animal.

There was only ever one case of VES in a human and it was acquired during laboratory work, rather than from an infected animal.

VES was '''only ever seen in pigs''' and its restricted host range was one of its distinguishing factors from FMD.

VES was '''only ever seen in pigs''' and its restricted host range was one of its distinguishing factors from FMD.

'''SMSV has a much broader host range''' and has now been isolated from a range of marine mammal species including pinnipeds and cetaceans. Other indistinguishable viruses from SMSV have been reported in reptiles<ref>Smith, A. W., Anderson, M. P., Skilling, D. E., Barlough, J. E., Ensley, P. K (1986) '''First isolation of calicivirus from reptiles and amphibians'''. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 47(8):1718-1721; 37</ref>, cattle<ref> Smith, A. W., Mattson, D. E., Skilling, D. E., Schmitz, J. A (1983) '''Isolation and partial characterization of a calicivirus from calves'''. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 44(5):851-855</ref>, primates<ref>Smith, A. W., Skilling, D. E., Benirschke, K (1985) '''Calicivirus isolation from three species of primates: an incidental finding'''. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 46(10):2197-2199; 28</ref> and skunks<ref>Seal, B. S., Lutze-Wallace, C., Kreutz, L. C., Sapp, T., Dulac, G. C., Neill, J. D (1995) '''Isolation of caliciviruses from skunks that are antigenically and genotypically related to San Miguel sea lion virus'''. Virus Research, 37(1):1-12; 57</ref>.

'''SMSV has a much broader host range''' and has now been isolated from a range of marine mammal species including pinnipeds and cetaceans. Other indistinguishable viruses from SMSV have been reported in reptiles<ref>Smith, A. W., Anderson, M. P., Skilling, D. E., Barlough, J. E., Ensley, P. K (1986) '''First isolation of calicivirus from reptiles and amphibians'''. ''American Journal of Veterinary Research'', 47(8):1718-1721; 37</ref>, cattle<ref> Smith, A. W., Mattson, D. E., Skilling, D. E., Schmitz, J. A (1983) '''Isolation and partial characterization of a calicivirus from calves'''. ''American Journal of Veterinary Research'', 44(5):851-855</ref>, primates<ref>Smith, A. W., Skilling, D. E., Benirschke, K (1985) '''Calicivirus isolation from three species of primates: an incidental finding'''. ''American Journal of Veterinary Research'', 46(10):2197-2199; 28</ref> and skunks<ref>Seal, B. S., Lutze-Wallace, C., Kreutz, L. C., Sapp, T., Dulac, G. C., Neill, J. D (1995) '''Isolation of caliciviruses from skunks that are antigenically and genotypically related to San Miguel sea lion virus'''. ''Virus Research'', 37(1):1-12; 57</ref>.

==Clinical Signs==

==Clinical Signs==

'''Differentiation from [[Vesicular Stomatitis Virus]], [[Swine Vesicular Disease]] and [[Foot and Mouth Disease]] was imperative.'''

'''Differentiation from [[Vesicular Stomatitis Virus]], [[Swine Vesicular Disease]] and [[Foot and Mouth Disease]] was imperative.'''

'''Innoculation''' could be used as a method of differentiation but was time consuming and innoculum supply was inconsistent. Thus, serological methods took over. '''Serum neutralisation, complement fixation and agar gel precipitation''' were all be used. '''PCR''' is also now available.

'''Innoculation''' could be used as a method of differentiation but was time-consuming and innoculum supply was inconsistent. Thus, serological methods took over. '''Serum neutralisation, complement fixation and agar gel precipitation''' were all used. '''PCR''' is also now available.

Histopathology of lesions revealed '''squamous epithelial swelling, pyknosis and karryorhexis'''. As cells died, the virus spread to neighbouring cells. Epithelial cells that were left intact usually showed evidence of '''degeneration and intracellular oedema'''. Haemorrhage and oedema were also seen in the subcutaneous tissues. The '''malphigian layer of the dermis''' where the virus primarily replicated became '''infiltrated with neutrophils and was thus weakened and oedematous, causing the upward displacement of the epidermis above it and thus the characteristic vesicle.'''

Histopathology of lesions revealed '''squamous epithelial swelling, pyknosis and karryorhexis'''. As cells died, the virus spread to neighbouring cells. Epithelial cells that were left intact usually showed evidence of '''degeneration and intracellular oedema'''. Haemorrhage and oedema were also seen in the subcutaneous tissues. The '''malphigian layer of the dermis''' where the virus primarily replicated became '''infiltrated with neutrophils and was thus weakened and oedematous, causing the upward displacement of the epidermis above it and thus the characteristic vesicle.'''

'''Local lymph nodes showed extensive destruction of lymphocytes with congestion and oedema'''. Viral replication also occured here and thus virus was readily isolated from these sites.

'''Local lymph nodes showed extensive destruction of lymphocytes with congestion and oedema'''. Viral replication also occurred here and thus virus was readily isolated from these sites.

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

==References==

==References==

<references/>

<references/>

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Vesicular Exanthema datasheet''', accessed 20/07/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=60394&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 vesicular exanthema of swine] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=90055&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 Calicivirus]

 

[[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Pig]] [[Category:Integumentary Diseases - Pig]] [[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Pig]]

[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]

[[Category:Pig Viruses]]