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| | ==Signalment== | | ==Signalment== |
| − | * Most are older in age | + | * Usually young animals that play or chew with cables. |
| − | * No sex predilection
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| − | * No breed predilection
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| | ==Description== | | ==Description== |
| − | In Africa and South-eastern USA the parasitic worm ''Spirocerca lupi'' can cause oesophageal fibrosarcomas and osteoasarcomas. This is most likely due to the parasite secreting a carcinogen. The aetiology of carcinomas in other areas is idiopathic though potentially ingestion of carcinogens may be involved.
| + | Can be thermal, chemical, or electrical in aetiology and can involve the lips, buccal mucosa and palates as well as the tongue. The injuries sustained vary from mild to severe. Linear scars appear from electrical cable chewing along with discolouring of teeth and burns at the side of the mouth. Ulceration may appear following ingestion of caustic substances |
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| | ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| − | ===History and Clinical Signs=== | + | ===History=== |
| − | Indicative of partial or complete upper gastrointestinal obstruction
| + | *Cat fight |
| − | * Signalment as above | + | *Seen playing with or eating a foreign body |
| − | * Non-specific signs of general poor condition and weight loss | + | *Chewing electric cables |
| − | * Dysphagia/Pain on swallowing | + | *ingestion of caustics |
| − | * Regurgitation | + | ===Clinical Signs=== |
| − | * Aspiration pneumonia (secondary to regurgitation)
| + | *drooling saliva |
| − | * Hypertrophic osteopathy as a paraneoplastic syndrome - particulary those with sarcomas with ''Spirocerca lupi'' aetiology
| + | *reluctance to eat |
| − | ===Plain Radiography=== | + | *bleeding |
| − | A mass, intra-luminal gas retention or oesophageal stricture with a cranial dilation are not always visible. Contrast studies may be required to define mucosal irregularities and strictures. Swallowing defects and regurgitation can be assessed via fluoroscopy.
| + | *pawing at mouth |
| − | | + | *secondary infections |
| − | ===Advanced Imaging Techniques===
| + | ===Definitive Diagnosis=== |
| − | CT and MRI can be useful in defining the full extent of the lesion.
| + | Inspection uder a General anaesthetic making sure to check under the tongue for foreign bodies. |
| − | ===Endoscopy and Biopsy=== | |
| − | Endoscopy can allow visualisation of the mass. Several biopsies should be taken.
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| − | ===Surgery and Biopsy===
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| − | Samples can also be taken via thoracotomy or cervical exploration.
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| − | ===Faecal Analysis===
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| − | Ova of ''Spirocerca lupi'' can be found in the faeces.
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| | ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| − | ===Surgery===
| + | The animal should be evaluated and treated for systemic involvement, which may be life-threatening in some cases |
| − | Complete tumour excision with oesophageal anastomosis is frequently problematic due to difficulties obtaining complete margins and complications of reconstruction. There can also be complications in the healing of particularly the thoracic oesophagus. One study of 6 dogs who underwent partial oesophagectomy due to Spirocerca-related oeophageal sarcomas reported a median survival of 267 days. 5 of the 6 cases also received doxorubcin. Another study of 4 dogs with oesophageal leiomyosarcoma reported potential long term resolution of clinical signs following marginal surgical resection despite incomplete margins if the tumour was low grade (all were grade 1). Oesophageal bouginage can reduce signs such as regurgitation. Oesophagotomy and gastrostomy tubes can also be used for short term palliation.
| + | If contact with a corrosive chemical is seen and the chemical is alkaline, the mouth may be flushed with mild solutions of vinegar or citrus juice; if the chemical is acidic, a solution of sodium bicarbonate may be used. Copious flushing of the mouth with water may help remove some of the chemical substances. More commonly, the animal is seen too long after the exposure for neutralization to be effective. |
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| − | ===Chemotherapy===
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| − | Rarely reported.
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| − | ===Radiotherpy===
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| − | Limited in the thoracic oesophagus due to poor tolerance of the heart, lungs and other surrounding tissues.
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| | ==Prognosis== | | ==Prognosis== |
| − | Often poor as usually in advanced stages on time of diagnosis therefore limiting resection options. In addition, metastatic rate is high: malignant tumours are locally invasive and metastasis occurs via draining lymph nodes (Cervical and Prescapular lymph nodes in the cervical oesophagus and Mediastinal in the thoracic oesophagus) and haematogenous spread to distant areas.
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| − | * Farese J.P, Bacon N.J et al, (2008), Oesophageal leiomyosarcoma in dogs: surgical management and clinical outcome of four cases, Vet Comp Oncol, Mar;6(1):31-8
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| − | * Morris J, Dobson J (2001) Gastrointestinal Tract, in Small Animal Oncology, Blackwell Science, pp 125-127
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| − | * Ranen E, Sharmier M. H, Shahar R. et al, (2004), Partial Esophagectomy with Single Layer Closure for Treatment of Oesophageal Sarcomas in 6 Dogs, Vet Surg 33:428-434
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| − | * Withrow S.J, Vail D.M (2007), Cancer of the Gastrointestinal Tract, in Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology, fourth edition, Missouri, Saunders Elsevier, pp 477-478
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Signalment
- Usually young animals that play or chew with cables.
Description
Can be thermal, chemical, or electrical in aetiology and can involve the lips, buccal mucosa and palates as well as the tongue. The injuries sustained vary from mild to severe. Linear scars appear from electrical cable chewing along with discolouring of teeth and burns at the side of the mouth. Ulceration may appear following ingestion of caustic substances
Diagnosis
History
- Cat fight
- Seen playing with or eating a foreign body
- Chewing electric cables
- ingestion of caustics
Clinical Signs
- drooling saliva
- reluctance to eat
- bleeding
- pawing at mouth
- secondary infections
Definitive Diagnosis
Inspection uder a General anaesthetic making sure to check under the tongue for foreign bodies.
Treatment
The animal should be evaluated and treated for systemic involvement, which may be life-threatening in some cases
If contact with a corrosive chemical is seen and the chemical is alkaline, the mouth may be flushed with mild solutions of vinegar or citrus juice; if the chemical is acidic, a solution of sodium bicarbonate may be used. Copious flushing of the mouth with water may help remove some of the chemical substances. More commonly, the animal is seen too long after the exposure for neutralization to be effective.
Prognosis
References
