Changes

Jump to navigation Jump to search
no edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:  +
Also Known As – '''''VS'''''
 +
 +
Caused By – ''Vesicular Stomatitis Virus – VSV – Alagoas Virus – Brazil Virus – Cocal Virus – Piry Virus – Chandipura Virus – Isfahan Virus''
 +
 +
==Introduction==
 +
[[File:VS Cow.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Vesicular Stomatitis oral lesion in a cow. Copyright CFSPH Iowa State.]]
 +
[[File:VS Horse.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Vesicular Stomatitis oral lesion in a horse]]
 +
[[File:VS Foot.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Vesicular Stomatitis coronary band lesion]]
 +
Vesicular Stomatitis is an '''oral disease''' of '''cattle, horses, pigs and people''',  caused by a [[Rhabdoviridae | rhabdovirus]], of which there are two distinct serotypes: VSV-New Jersey (VS-NJ) and VSV-Indiana (VS-IN). Although antibodies have been found in many species of mammal and bird, no clinical signs appear to develop.
 +
 +
The main importance of VS is its '''identical presentation to [[Foot and Mouth Disease]]''', in fact they cannot be clinically differentiated.
 +
 +
VS is '''zoonotic''' and can cause acute flu-like disease in humans.
 +
 +
This disease is '''notifiable''' to the World Organisation for Animal Health [http://www.oie.int/ (OIE)]
 +
 +
==Distribution==
 +
VS is present exclusively in the Western hemisphere, mainly in the '''Americas''', including parts of the Caribbean and South America.
 +
 +
VS is transmitted by a range of insect vectors including the [[Musca spp. | house fly]] and [[Ceratopogonidae | Culicoides midge]].
 +
 +
The virus can also be transmitted via '''direct contact''' with lesions, saliva and fomites.
 +
 +
==Signalment==
 +
Young animals <1 year old are less likely to exhibit clinical signs although seroconversion occurs.
 +
 +
Disease occurs seasonally in the '''late Summer and Autumn''' in endemic countries.
 +
 +
==Clinical Signs==
 +
VS is characterised by its appearance – beginning as '''blanched macules''' and developing into  '''vesicular lesions''' on the '''tongue, oral and nasal mucosa, mammary glands, external genitalia and coronary band'''. When the vesicles rupture after 24-48h, '''erosions and excoriations''' remain in the affected mucosa.
 +
'''Hypersalivation''' often also occurs.
 +
Coronary band lesions cause '''lameness and defective horn growth'''.
 +
 +
Other clinical manifestations include '''depression, weight loss, low productivity, agalactia and mastitis.''' Animals with genital lesions may be reluctant to breed.
 +
 +
Affected animals are often '''pyrexic, anorexic and dysphagic''' due to reduced food intake and interference of lesions with prehension/pain when eating.
 +
 +
Shedding ceases 6-7 days post-infection <ref> Katz, J. B., Eernisse, K. A., Landgraf, J. G., Schmitt, B. J. (1997) '''Comparative performance of four serodiagnostic procedures for detecting bovine and equine vesicular stomatitis virus antibodies.''' J Vet Diagnostic Investigation, 9(3):329-331; 5</ref> and '''lesions resolve within 14 days.'''
 +
 +
Once '''recovered''', animals do not maintain infection or shed the virus.
 +
 +
Deaths from VS are rare and usually due to secondary complications.
 +
 +
==Diagnosis==
 +
Definitive diagnosis requires laboratory testing.
 +
'''Virus isolation''' can be attempted from nasal/oral swabs, epithelial tags, skin scrapings or biopsies. Only active lesions will contain infective virus particles.
 +
PCR is potentially more sensitive but not widely used.
 +
 +
Serlogical tests are routinely used and will also differentiate serotype.
 +
'''Competitive [[ELISA testing | ELISA (cELISA)]]''' is used as a screening test and '''Serum Neutralisation (SN) and Complement Fixation (CF)''' are also commonly used to diagnose VS. 
 +
Tests that detect IgG such as the cELISA and SN may remain positive for up to 3 years after infection.
 +
 +
CF is more indicative of '''recent infection''', especially when rising titres are present.
 +
 +
On '''histopathology''', intercellular oedema is present in the Malphigian cell layer and epithelial cell necrosis is evident. The necrotic cells are strongly eosinophilic and nuclei are pyknotic.
 +
Basal cells are separated by vesicular fluid.
 +
Other non-specific inflammatory changes are usually also present.
 +
 +
==Treatment==
 +
Disease is '''self-limiting''' and usually requires no treatment.
 +
Secondary bacterial infection can delay healing of lesions and usually respond to antibiotics.
 +
Symptomatic care may be indicated in severe cases.
 +
 +
==Control==
 +
Several vaccines are being developed or used experimentally but none are commercially available in the USA.
 +
 +
Appropriate biosecurity, disinfection protocols, temporary isolation of infected animals/groups and limiting exposure to insect vectors may help to reduce the scale of outbreaks.
 +
 +
'''Quarantine''' procedures are in place in many countries when VS is confirmed and these should be adhered to and relevant bodies informed.
 +
 +
==References==
 +
<references/>
 +
Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Vesicular Stomatitis datasheet''', accessed 06/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
 +
 +
Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Vesicular Stomatitis virus datasheet''', accessed 06/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
 +
 +
[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]
 +
 +
 
[[Category:To Do - Steph]]
 
[[Category:To Do - Steph]]
1,433

edits

Navigation menu