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Vitamin A (Retinol) - Nutrition - Revision history
2024-03-29T12:10:20Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
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Bara: /* References */
2016-05-11T08:46:04Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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Bara
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Vitamin_A_(Retinol)_-_Nutrition&diff=179913&oldid=prev
Bara: Text replacement - "Category:To Do - Nutrition" to "Category:To_Do_-_Nutrition"
2015-07-08T13:07:25Z
<p>Text replacement - "<a href="/Category:To_Do_-_Nutrition" title="Category:To Do - Nutrition">Category:To Do - Nutrition</a>" to "<a href="/Category:To_Do_-_Nutrition" title="Category:To Do - Nutrition">Category:To_Do_-_Nutrition</a>"</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:07, 8 July 2015</td>
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Bara
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Vitamin_A_(Retinol)_-_Nutrition&diff=179252&oldid=prev
Bara at 14:45, 1 June 2015
2015-06-01T14:45:31Z
<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:45, 1 June 2015</td>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{Reviewed Nutrition 1</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|date = 28 May 2015}}</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
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Bara
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Vitamin_A_(Retinol)_-_Nutrition&diff=179079&oldid=prev
Bara: /* What is Vitamin A (Retinol)? */
2015-05-28T10:14:24Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">What is Vitamin A (Retinol)?</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==What is Vitamin A (Retinol)?==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==What is Vitamin A (Retinol)?==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Vitamin A is a general term for the group of [[Nutrition Glossary#Essential Nutrients|essential]] fat-soluble retinoids'''. Retinol is the alcohol form of Vitamin A <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">alcohol </del>found in circulation, while retinal, retinyl esters, and β-carotene are more commonly found in foods. Dietary retinal and retinyl esters are found in animal tissues and are hydrolysed by pancreatic and intestinal enzymes in the intestinal lumen, incorporated into mixed micelles with dietary fat, and absorbed by diffusion across the mucosal surface of the [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]]. β-carotene is synthesized by plants and is considered a pro-Vitamin A molecule comprised of 2 retinol subunits. β-carotene is absorbed across the small intestine intact and in dogs is cleaved into two retinal molecules by β-carotene 15,15 dioxygenase. Cats lack this enzyme and require preformed Vitamin A in the diet<ref>Morris JG. Idiosyncratic nutrient requirements of cats appear to be diet-induced evolutionary adaptation. Nutr Res Rev 2002;15:153-168.</ref>. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Vitamin A is a general term for the group of [[Nutrition Glossary#Essential Nutrients|essential]] fat-soluble retinoids'''. Retinol is the alcohol form of Vitamin A found in circulation, while retinal, retinyl esters, and β-carotene are more commonly found in foods. Dietary retinal and retinyl esters are found in animal tissues and are hydrolysed by pancreatic and intestinal enzymes in the intestinal lumen, incorporated into mixed micelles with dietary fat, and absorbed by diffusion across the mucosal surface of the [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]]. β-carotene is synthesized by plants and is considered a pro-Vitamin A molecule comprised of 2 retinol subunits. β-carotene is absorbed across the small intestine intact and in dogs is cleaved into two retinal molecules by β-carotene 15,15 dioxygenase. Cats lack this enzyme and require preformed Vitamin A in the diet<ref>Morris JG. Idiosyncratic nutrient requirements of cats appear to be diet-induced evolutionary adaptation. Nutr Res Rev 2002;15:153-168.</ref>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After absorption, retinol is released into the [[Lymphatic System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|lymphatics]] with chylomicrons and transported to the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] where it is bound to retinol-binding protein (RBP). '''Liver is the primary storage site of Vitamin A'''. Retinol bound to RBP is released into portal circulation and is transported to target tissues. Retinoic acid is the primary active retinol metabolite within the cell.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After absorption, retinol is released into the [[Lymphatic System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|lymphatics]] with chylomicrons and transported to the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] where it is bound to retinol-binding protein (RBP). '''Liver is the primary storage site of Vitamin A'''. Retinol bound to RBP is released into portal circulation and is transported to target tissues. Retinoic acid is the primary active retinol metabolite within the cell.</div></td></tr>
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Bara
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Vitamin_A_(Retinol)_-_Nutrition&diff=178739&oldid=prev
Bara: /* References */
2015-05-22T08:16:40Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:To Do - <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Nutrition preMars</del>]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:To Do - <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Batch 3</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
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Bara
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Vitamin_A_(Retinol)_-_Nutrition&diff=178738&oldid=prev
Bara: /* Dogs: */
2015-05-22T08:15:50Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Dogs:</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Vitamin A deficiencies can occur due to low dietary intake of retinol, with concurrent diseases affecting absorption of dietary fat (e.g. [[Protein Losing Enteropathy|protein-losing enteropathy]]) or with abnormal storage and transport of retinol (i.e.[[:Category:Liver - General Pathology|liver disease]]).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Vitamin A deficiencies can occur due to low dietary intake of retinol, with concurrent diseases affecting absorption of dietary fat (e.g. [[Protein Losing Enteropathy|protein-losing enteropathy]]) or with abnormal storage and transport of retinol (i.e.[[:Category:Liver - General Pathology|liver disease]]).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Dogs:==== </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Dogs:==== </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Puppies fed Vitamin A deficient diets have poor growth rates and develop defective remodelling of bone during active growth<ref name="NRC"/>, especially the bones of the cranium, which can result in [[Ear - Anatomy & Physiology#Deafness|deafness]]<ref>Mallenby E. The experimental production if deafness in young animals by diet. J Physiol 1938;94:380-398.</ref>. Adult dogs fed Vitamin A deficient diets experience '''anorexia, weight loss, squamous metaplasia of mucus secreting cells that can result in xerophthalmia (dry eye) and increased susceptibility to [[Pneumonia Overview|pneumonia]]'''<ref>Russell WC and Morris ML. Vitamin A deficiency in the dog. Experimental production of vitamin A deficient condition. JAVMA 1939;95:316-320.</ref>. Cutaneous hyperkeratosis and skin lesions are also associated with Vitamin A deficiency in adult dogs<ref>Ihrke PJ and Goldschmidt MH. Vitamin A-responsive dermatosis in the dog. JAVMA 1983;182:687-690.</ref>. Adult females fed inadequate levels of Vitamin A during gestation have an increased risk of foetal abnormalities<ref name="NRC"/>. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Puppies fed Vitamin A deficient diets have poor growth rates and develop defective <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology|</ins>remodelling of bone<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>during active growth<ref name="NRC"/>, especially the bones of the cranium, which can result in [[Ear - Anatomy & Physiology#Deafness|deafness]]<ref>Mallenby E. The experimental production if deafness in young animals by diet. J Physiol 1938;94:380-398.</ref>. Adult dogs fed Vitamin A deficient diets experience '''anorexia, weight loss, squamous metaplasia of mucus secreting cells that can result in xerophthalmia (dry eye) and increased susceptibility to [[Pneumonia Overview|pneumonia]]'''<ref>Russell WC and Morris ML. Vitamin A deficiency in the dog. Experimental production of vitamin A deficient condition. JAVMA 1939;95:316-320.</ref>. Cutaneous hyperkeratosis and skin lesions are also associated with Vitamin A deficiency in adult dogs<ref>Ihrke PJ and Goldschmidt MH. Vitamin A-responsive dermatosis in the dog. JAVMA 1983;182:687-690.</ref>. Adult females fed inadequate levels of Vitamin A during gestation have an increased risk of foetal abnormalities<ref name="NRC"/>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Cats:==== </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Cats:==== </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Feeding Vitamin A deficient diets to pregnant queens can result in increased risk of '''spontaneous abortions, foetal resorptions, and [[Cleft Palate|cleft palate]] in kittens'''<ref name="NRC"/>. Adult cats fed Vitamin A deficient diets will also experience weight loss and squamous metaplasia of mucous secreting cells<ref name="NRC"/>, with xerosis and associated corneal keratinization and vascularization.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Feeding Vitamin A deficient diets to pregnant queens can result in increased risk of '''spontaneous abortions, foetal resorptions, and [[Cleft Palate|cleft palate]] in kittens'''<ref name="NRC"/>. Adult cats fed Vitamin A deficient diets will also experience weight loss and squamous metaplasia of mucous secreting cells<ref name="NRC"/>, with xerosis and associated corneal keratinization and vascularization.</div></td></tr>
</table>
Bara
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Vitamin_A_(Retinol)_-_Nutrition&diff=178737&oldid=prev
Bara: /* Consequences of Vitamin A Deficiency */
2015-05-22T08:14:20Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Consequences of Vitamin A Deficiency</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:14, 22 May 2015</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Consequences of Vitamin A Deficiency==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Consequences of Vitamin A Deficiency==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Vitamin A deficiencies can occur due to low dietary intake of retinol, with concurrent diseases affecting absorption of dietary fat (e.g.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>protein-losing enteropathy) or with abnormal storage and transport of retinol (i.e.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>[[:Category:Liver - General Pathology|liver disease]]).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Vitamin A deficiencies can occur due to low dietary intake of retinol, with concurrent diseases affecting absorption of dietary fat (e.g. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Protein Losing Enteropathy|</ins>protein-losing enteropathy<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>) or with abnormal storage and transport of retinol (i.e.[[:Category:Liver - General Pathology|liver disease]]).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Dogs:==== </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Dogs:==== </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Puppies fed Vitamin A deficient diets have poor growth rates and develop defective remodelling of bone during active growth<ref name="NRC"/>, especially the bones of the cranium, which can result in [[Ear - Anatomy & Physiology#Deafness|deafness]]<ref>Mallenby E. The experimental production if deafness in young animals by diet. J Physiol 1938;94:380-398.</ref>. Adult dogs fed Vitamin A deficient diets experience '''anorexia, weight loss, squamous metaplasia of mucus secreting cells that can result in xerophthalmia (dry eye) and increased susceptibility to [[Pneumonia Overview|pneumonia]]'''<ref>Russell WC and Morris ML. Vitamin A deficiency in the dog. Experimental production of vitamin A deficient condition. JAVMA 1939;95:316-320.</ref>. Cutaneous hyperkeratosis and skin lesions are also associated with Vitamin A deficiency in adult dogs<ref>Ihrke PJ and Goldschmidt MH. Vitamin A-responsive dermatosis in the dog. JAVMA 1983;182:687-690.</ref>. Adult females fed inadequate levels of Vitamin A during gestation have an increased risk of foetal abnormalities<ref name="NRC"/>. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Puppies fed Vitamin A deficient diets have poor growth rates and develop defective remodelling of bone during active growth<ref name="NRC"/>, especially the bones of the cranium, which can result in [[Ear - Anatomy & Physiology#Deafness|deafness]]<ref>Mallenby E. The experimental production if deafness in young animals by diet. J Physiol 1938;94:380-398.</ref>. Adult dogs fed Vitamin A deficient diets experience '''anorexia, weight loss, squamous metaplasia of mucus secreting cells that can result in xerophthalmia (dry eye) and increased susceptibility to [[Pneumonia Overview|pneumonia]]'''<ref>Russell WC and Morris ML. Vitamin A deficiency in the dog. Experimental production of vitamin A deficient condition. JAVMA 1939;95:316-320.</ref>. Cutaneous hyperkeratosis and skin lesions are also associated with Vitamin A deficiency in adult dogs<ref>Ihrke PJ and Goldschmidt MH. Vitamin A-responsive dermatosis in the dog. JAVMA 1983;182:687-690.</ref>. Adult females fed inadequate levels of Vitamin A during gestation have an increased risk of foetal abnormalities<ref name="NRC"/>. </div></td></tr>
</table>
Bara
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Vitamin_A_(Retinol)_-_Nutrition&diff=178736&oldid=prev
Bara: /* Roles in the Body */
2015-05-22T08:12:22Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Roles in the Body</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:12, 22 May 2015</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Roles in the Body==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Roles in the Body==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>#'''Vision''': Vitamin A in the form of 11-cis-retinal is attached to a lysine residue in rhodopsin within the retina<ref>Conway HH, et al. Vitamin A Metabolism, Action, and Role in Skeletal Homeostasis. Endocr Rev 2013 Dec;34(6):766-797.</ref>. When light hits rhodopsin it undergoes a conformational change resulting in the generation of a nerve impulse and normal phototransduction.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>#'''Vision''': Vitamin A in the form of 11-cis-retinal is attached to a lysine residue in rhodopsin within the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Eye - Anatomy & Physiology#The Wall (</ins>retina<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, uvea and sclera)|retina]]</ins><ref>Conway HH, et al. Vitamin A Metabolism, Action, and Role in Skeletal Homeostasis. Endocr Rev 2013 Dec;34(6):766-797.</ref>. When light hits rhodopsin it undergoes a conformational change resulting in the generation of a nerve impulse and normal phototransduction.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>#'''Growth and Cellular Differentiation''': Retinoic acid receptors (RAR) are found in [[DNA]] gene sequences affecting normal foetal development<ref>Rhinn M and Dolle P. Retinoic acid signaling during development. Development 2012;139:843–858.</ref><ref>Mark M, et al. Function of retinoic acid receptors during embryonic development. Nucl Recept Signal 2009;7:e002. </ref>. Retinoic acid receptors also control transcription of genes that synthesise extracellular matrix proteins<ref>Barber T, et al. Vitamin A Deficiency and Alterations in the Extracellular Matrix. Nutrients 2014;6:4984-5017</ref>, differentiation of mucous-secreting epithelial cells<ref>Koo JS, et al. Restoration of the mucous phenotype by retinoic acid in retinoid-deficient human bronchial cell cultures: changes in mucin gene expression. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999;20:43-52.</ref><ref name="NRC">National Research Council (NRC). Vitamins. In Nutrient Requirements for Dogs and Cats. 2006 Washington, DC: National Academies Press p.194-200.</ref>, and cellular RBP may help stabilize RNA during gene transcription<ref>Veerland AC, et al. Transcript stabilization by the RNA-binding protein HuR is regulated by cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 2. Mol Cell Biol 2014;34:2135-2146.</ref>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>#'''Growth and Cellular Differentiation''': Retinoic acid receptors (RAR) are found in [[DNA]] gene sequences affecting normal foetal development<ref>Rhinn M and Dolle P. Retinoic acid signaling during development. Development 2012;139:843–858.</ref><ref>Mark M, et al. Function of retinoic acid receptors during embryonic development. Nucl Recept Signal 2009;7:e002. </ref>. Retinoic acid receptors also control transcription of genes that synthesise extracellular matrix proteins<ref>Barber T, et al. Vitamin A Deficiency and Alterations in the Extracellular Matrix. Nutrients 2014;6:4984-5017</ref>, differentiation of mucous-secreting epithelial cells<ref>Koo JS, et al. Restoration of the mucous phenotype by retinoic acid in retinoid-deficient human bronchial cell cultures: changes in mucin gene expression. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999;20:43-52.</ref><ref name="NRC">National Research Council (NRC). Vitamins. In Nutrient Requirements for Dogs and Cats. 2006 Washington, DC: National Academies Press p.194-200.</ref>, and cellular RBP may help stabilize RNA during gene transcription<ref>Veerland AC, et al. Transcript stabilization by the RNA-binding protein HuR is regulated by cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 2. Mol Cell Biol 2014;34:2135-2146.</ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>#'''Immune Function''': Retinoic acid promotes T-cell differentiation and antibody production<ref>Ross AC. Vitamin A and retinoic acid in T cell-related immunity. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96:1166S–1172S.</ref>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>#'''Immune Function''': Retinoic acid promotes T-cell differentiation and antibody production<ref>Ross AC. Vitamin A and retinoic acid in T cell-related immunity. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96:1166S–1172S.</ref>.</div></td></tr>
</table>
Bara
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Vitamin_A_(Retinol)_-_Nutrition&diff=178735&oldid=prev
Bara: /* Why is it Important? */
2015-05-22T08:11:07Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Why is it Important?</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:11, 22 May 2015</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Why is it Important?==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Why is it Important?==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Vitamin A is important for '''normal vision, cellular differentiation, morphogenesis, immune function, and transmembrane protein transfer'''. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Vitamin A is important for '''normal vision, cellular differentiation, morphogenesis, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[:Category:Immunology|</ins>immune function<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>, and transmembrane protein transfer'''.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Roles in the Body==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Roles in the Body==</div></td></tr>
</table>
Bara
https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Vitamin_A_(Retinol)_-_Nutrition&diff=178734&oldid=prev
Bara: /* What is Vitamin A (Retinol)? */
2015-05-22T08:10:10Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">What is Vitamin A (Retinol)?</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:10, 22 May 2015</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==What is Vitamin A (Retinol)?==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==What is Vitamin A (Retinol)?==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Vitamin A is a general term for the group of [[Nutrition Glossary#Essential Nutrients|essential]] fat-soluble retinoids'''. Retinol is the alcohol form of Vitamin A alcohol found in circulation, while retinal, retinyl esters, and β-carotene are more commonly found in foods. Dietary retinal and retinyl esters are found in animal tissues and are hydrolysed by pancreatic and intestinal enzymes in the intestinal lumen, incorporated into mixed micelles with dietary fat, and absorbed by diffusion across the mucosal surface of the [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]]. β-carotene is synthesized by plants and is considered a pro-Vitamin A molecule comprised of 2 retinol subunits. β-carotene is absorbed across the small intestine intact and in dogs is cleaved into two retinal molecules by β-carotene 15,15 dioxygenase. Cats lack this enzyme and require preformed Vitamin A in the diet<ref>Morris JG. Idiosyncratic nutrient requirements of cats appear to be diet-induced evolutionary adaptation. Nutr Res Rev 2002;15:153-168.</ref>. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Vitamin A is a general term for the group of [[Nutrition Glossary#Essential Nutrients|essential]] fat-soluble retinoids'''. Retinol is the alcohol form of Vitamin A alcohol found in circulation, while retinal, retinyl esters, and β-carotene are more commonly found in foods. Dietary retinal and retinyl esters are found in animal tissues and are hydrolysed by pancreatic and intestinal enzymes in the intestinal lumen, incorporated into mixed micelles with dietary fat, and absorbed by diffusion across the mucosal surface of the [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]]. β-carotene is synthesized by plants and is considered a pro-Vitamin A molecule comprised of 2 retinol subunits. β-carotene is absorbed across the small intestine intact and in dogs is cleaved into two retinal molecules by β-carotene 15,15 dioxygenase. Cats lack this enzyme and require preformed Vitamin A in the diet<ref>Morris JG. Idiosyncratic nutrient requirements of cats appear to be diet-induced evolutionary adaptation. Nutr Res Rev 2002;15:153-168.</ref>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After absorption, retinol is released into the lymphatics with chylomicrons and transported to the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] where it is bound to retinol-binding protein (RBP). '''Liver is the primary storage site of Vitamin A'''. Retinol bound to RBP is released into portal circulation and is transported to target tissues. Retinoic acid is the primary active retinol metabolite within the cell.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After absorption, retinol is released into the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Lymphatic System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|</ins>lymphatics<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>with chylomicrons and transported to the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] where it is bound to retinol-binding protein (RBP). '''Liver is the primary storage site of Vitamin A'''. Retinol bound to RBP is released into portal circulation and is transported to target tissues. Retinoic acid is the primary active retinol metabolite within the cell.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Why is it Important?==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Why is it Important?==</div></td></tr>
</table>
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