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Bovine Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology (view source)
Revision as of 16:29, 10 January 2011
, 16:29, 10 January 2011no edit summary
==Structures of the Proximal Forelimb and Shoulder==
==Structures of the Proximal Forelimb and Shoulder==
===Radius and Ulna===
===Radius and Ulna===
These are complete bones in the ox but are entirely fused. There is a proximal and distal '''interosseous spac'''e which are the only two places where the shafts are seperated. The ulna's proximal end is caudal to the radius and it's distal end forms the '''lateral styloid process''', distal to the radius and articulating with the ulnar carpal bone.
These are complete bones in the ox but are entirely fused. There is a proximal and distal '''interosseous space''' which are the only two places where the shafts are separated. The ulna's proximal end is caudal to the radius and its distal end forms the '''lateral styloid process''', distal to the radius and articulating with the ulnar carpal bone.
==Joints of the Proximal Forelimb==
==Joints of the Proximal Forelimb==
3. The '''carpometacarpal joint''' between the distal carpal bones and the proximal metacarpals.
3. The '''carpometacarpal joint''' between the distal carpal bones and the proximal metacarpals.
The joint is a synovial joint, comprised of a common outer fibrous capsule and three inner synovial pouches, one for each joint. '''Collateral ligaments''' extend from the radius to the metacarpal bones on the medial and lateral aspect of the carpus. The carpal canal houses both the deep digital flexor tendon, and the deep branch of the superficial digital flexor.
The joint is a synovial joint, consisting of a common outer fibrous capsule and three inner synovial pouches, one for each joint. '''Collateral ligaments''' extend from the radius to the metacarpal bones on the medial and lateral aspect of the carpus. The carpal canal houses both the deep digital flexor tendon, and the deep branch of the superficial digital flexor.
==Muscles of the Forelimb==
==Muscles of the Forelimb==
These muscle are responsible for joining the forelimb to the trunk, forming a synsarcosis rather than a conventional joint. Collectively, they act to transfer the weight of the body to the forelimbs as well as stabilize the scapula.
These muscle are responsible for joining the forelimb to the trunk, forming a synsarcosis rather than a conventional joint. Collectively, they act to transfer the weight of the body to the forelimbs as well as stabilize the scapula.
'''''Trapezius''''': Accessory n.
'''''Trapezius''''':
:Innervated by: Accessory n.
:Origin: mid-dorsal raphe and supraspinous ligament.
:Insertion: spine of the scapula.
:Body: two parts, cervical and thoracic separated by aponeurosis.
:Action: raises scapula against the trunk and swings cranially to advance the limb.
Origin: mid-dorsal raphe and supraspinous ligament.
'''''Brachiocephalic m.''''':
:Innervated by: Accessory n.
:The two parts are separated by the clavicle, where it exists.
:Origin: occipital bone, nuchal ligament and the mastoid process.
:Insertion: deltoid tuberosity and fascia of the limb.
:Actions: advances the limb and extends the shoulder joint when limb is in motion. Draws the head and neck ventrally when the limb is fixed.
Insertion: spine of the scapula.
'''''Omotransversarius''''':
:Innervated by: Accessory n.
:Origin: transverse processes of the atlas.
:Insertion: acromion and spine of scapula.
:Action: advancing the limb.
'''''Latissimus dorsi''''':
:Innervated by: local branch of brachial plexus
:The broadest muscle of the back.
:Origin: thoracolumbar fascia.
'''''Brachiocephalic m.''''': Accessory n.
:Insertion: teres tuberosity of the humerus.
:Actions: antagonist to the brachiocephalic m. The cranial fibers strap the scapula to the chest. It retracts the free limb and flexes shoulder joint. It draws the trunk forward over the fixed limb.
The broadest muscle of the back.
Origin: thoracolumbar fascia.
Insertion: teres tuberosity of the humerus.
Actions: antagonist to the brachiocephalic m. The cranial fibers strap the scapula to the chest. It retracts the free limb and flexes shoulder joint. It draws the trunk forward over the fixed limb.
'''''Pectoral mm.''''':
:Innervated by: brachial plexus
:Two superficial parts, cranial and caudal, these aren't very distinct in the ox.
Origin: cranial sternum.
Origin: cranial sternum.
:Insertion:
::cranial ('''descending'''), crest of the humerus distal to the deltoid tuberosity.
::caudal ('''transverse'''): covers elbow joint to insert on the medial fascia of the forearm.
:Action: adduct the forelimb and assist in protraction and retraction.
'''''Serratis ventralis''''':
:Innervated by: branch of the brachial plexus.
:Origin: C4 to 10th rib.
:Insertion: medial scapula and scapular cartilage.
:Action: supporting the weight of the trunk. It is reinforced by strong fascia. The cervical portion can retract the limb and the caudal portion can advance the limb.
Origin: C4 to 10th rib.
Insertion: medial scapula and scapular cartilage.
Action: supporting the weight of the trunk. It is reinforced by strong fascia. The cervical portion can retract the limb and the caudal portion can advance the limb.
Action: retracting the limb, may also raise the limb.
'''''Rhomboids''''':
:Innervated by: brachial plexus
:Origin: nuchal ligament.
:Insertion: dorsal border and adjacent scapula.
:Action: retracting the limb, may also raise the limb.
===Intrinsic Musculature===
===Intrinsic Musculature===
===1. Lateral===
===1. Lateral===
'''''Supraspinatus''''' and '''''Infraspinatus''''': Suprascapular n. of the brachial plexus.
'''''Supraspinatus''''' and '''''Infraspinatus''''':
:Innervated by: Suprascapular n. of the brachial plexus.
Origin: the fossae of the scapula.
:Origin: the fossae of the scapula.
:Insertion: both tubercles of the humerus.
Insertion: both tubercles of the humerus.
:Action: brace the shoulder.
:Clinical significance: bursa between the tendon of the infraspinatus and lateral tubercle of the humerus can be the site of inflammation.
Action: brace the shoulder.
Clinical significance: bursa between the tendon of the infraspinatus and lateral tubercle of the humerus can be the site of inflammation.
===2. Medial===
===2. Medial===
'''''Supscapularis''''': Subscapular n. from the brachial plexus.
'''''Supscapularis''''':
:Innervated by: Subscapular n. from the brachial plexus.
:Origin: Deep surface of the scapula.
:Insertion: medial tubercle of the humerus.
:Action: braces medial shoulder joint, potential adductor.
'''''Coracobrachialis''''':
:Innervated by: Musculocutaneous n. of the brachial plexus.
:Origin: medial supraglenoid tubercle.
:Insertion: proximal shaft of the humerus.
:Action: fixator.
'''''Coracobrachialis''''': Musculocutaneous n. of the brachial plexus.
Origin: medial supraglenoid tubercle.
Insertion: proximal shaft of the humerus.
Action: fixator.
===3. Caudal (Flexors)===
===3. Caudal (Flexors)===
'''''Deltoids''''': Axillary n. of the brachial plexus.
'''''Deltoids''''':
:Innervated by: Axillary n. of the brachial plexus.
Origin: Two heads of origin; the caudal border and spine of the scapula and the acromion.
:Origin: Two heads of origin; the caudal border and spine of the scapula and the acromion.
:Insertion: deltoid tuberosity on the humerus.
Insertion: deltoid tuberosity on the humerus.
:Action: Flexor of Shoulder.
Action: Flexor of Shoulder.
'''''Teres Major''''': Axillary n. of the brachial plexus.
'''''Teres Major''''': Axillary n. of the brachial plexus.
==Vasculature of the Forelimb==
==Vasculature of the Forelimb==
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Click here for information on:
'''[[Arteries of the Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Arteries of the Forelimb]]'''
'''[[Arteries of the Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Arteries of the Forelimb]]'''
'''[[Lymphatics of the Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Lymphatics of the Forelimb]]'''
'''[[Lymphatics of the Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Lymphatics of the Forelimb]]'''
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