Difference between revisions of "Category:Intestine - Functional Obstruction"

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(Created page with '====Paralytic Ileus==== * A common condition. * Occurs following trauma or abdominal surgery. * Stasis of gut flow due to failure of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristalsis…')
 
 
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====Paralytic Ileus====
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* A common condition.
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* Occurs following trauma or abdominal surgery. 
 
* Stasis of gut flow due to failure of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristalsis| peristalsis].
 
** Leads to distension with gas and fluid, as well as a flaccid intestinal wall. 
 
  
=====Causes=====
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* Anything which stops peristalsis, e.g.
 
** Damage to nerve supply to intestine (autonomic nervous system)
 
** Pain
 
** Abnormal metabolism
 
** Toxaemia
 
** Electrolyte imbalance such as hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, and hypokalaemia.
 
* Also in
 
** Diabetes mellitus
 
** Uraemia
 
** Tetanus
 
** Lead poisoning.
 
  
=====Pathology=====
 
  
* loss of smooth muscle tone leads to a flaccid bowel.
 
* Bowel is distended with fluid. 
 
  
=====Pathogenesis=====
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[[Category:Obstruction,_Intestinal]]
 
* Intestine susceptible to neurogenic damage during an operation. 
 
* Peristalsis fades away over a few days producing paralytic (adynamic) ileus.
 
* Particularly occurs if bowel handled roughly, or if serosa gets cold and dry at surgery. 
 
* Very difficult to start peristalsis again but will sometimes respond to pharmacological or electrical stimulation.
 
* The horse is very susceptible, and the dog is somewhat suscpeitble.
 
 
 
====Dysautonomia====
 
 
 
* Most notably affects horses and cats.
 
 
 
=====Equine dysautonomia, or grass sickness=====
 
 
 
* Most prevalent  in the UK and western Europe.
 
** Common in wetter areas, e.g. the South West.
 
* Seen in horses out at pasture in late summer and autumn.
 
* Usually affects young adults.
 
** 6-7 years old.
 
* '''Clinical'''
 
** Acute oneset:
 
*** Muscular tremors
 
*** Abdominal pain
 
*** Does not eat
 
*** Constipation
 
*** Become severly tympanic in acute cases
 
*** Dull and restless
 
*** Avoid swallowing
 
*** Salivate excessively
 
** Degenerative lesions are seen in the autonomic nerve ganglia, including enteric plexuses
 
** May either:
 
*** Progress rapidly to death
 
*** Take a slower clinical course.
 
**** Eat a bit, but food drops out of mouth
 
**** Go on to die slowly.
 
** Some horses recover
 
*** This is very unlikely, and the condition is usually fatal. 
 
** Clinically difficult to diagnose - signs are confined to the gut.
 
*** Easy to diagnose on post mortem
 
* '''Pathology'''
 
** [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|Stomach]] and [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]] large amounts of contain watery yellow fluid.
 
*** There is an abrupt change in the [[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|large intestine]], where no fluid is present.
 
**** [[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|large intestine]] has very dry mucoid contents.
 
* '''Pathogenesis'''
 
** Due to functional obstruction at ileocaecal valve and a degree of paralytic ileus of the [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]].
 
** The exact cause is unknown, but a type of bacterial or fungal toxin which may damage autonomic nervous system ganglia may be involved.
 
*** ''[[Clostridium botulinum]]'' is thought to be involved. 
 
* A similar condition seen in hares
 
** Certain yeares almost seem to have outbreaks.
 
* Certain pastures at certain times of year produce grass sickness quite often.
 
** A definitive diagnosis must be made -  if the condition is due to the grazing we need to know.
 
*** E.g. if on livery or stud grazing, may put people off going there.
 
* 'Diagnosis''' 
 
** At post mortem look for degenerative changes in coeliaco-mesenteric ganglia -  need to examine histologically. 
 
*** Ganglia are peanut sized and found in perirenal fat between adrenal gland and the aorta.
 
 
 
=====Feline dysautonomia, or Key-Gaskell Syndrome=====
 
[[Image:Ba 250 07.jpg|thumb|right|Histological section of degenerate neuron in feline dysautonomia(Courtesy of Susan Rhind)]]
 
* Occurs mostly in the UK and continental Europe. 
 
* Is also of unknown aetiology. Suggested causative factors include:
 
** Environmental toxins
 
** Infectious agents
 
** Botulinum toxins .
 
* Clinical signs:
 
** Anorexia
 
** Depression
 
** Bradycardia
 
** Decreased lacrimation,
 
** Altered pupillary dilataion,
 
** [[Megaoesophagus]]
 
** Constipation. 
 
* Degenerative lesions of autonomic nerve ganglia can be seen.
 
* Also occurs in the [[Key-Gaskell Syndrome|oesophagus]].[[Category:Obstruction,_Intestinal]]
 

Latest revision as of 18:33, 15 February 2011

Intestine - Functional Obstruction

Pages in category "Intestine - Functional Obstruction"

The following 3 pages are in this category, out of 3 total.