Author, Donkey
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|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|(22 - 32)
|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|(22 - 32)
|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|'''Albumin.''' Hypoalbuminaemia may be seen with decreased synthesis resulting from intestinal malabsorption, malnutrition, chronic inflammatory disease and chronic liver disease. It is lost in renal disease and gastrointestinal disease.
|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|'''Albumin.''' Hypoalbuminaemia may be seen with decreased synthesis resulting from intestinal malabsorption, malnutrition, chronic inflammatory disease and chronic liver disease. It is lost in renal disease and gastrointestinal disease.
Hyperalbuminaemia occurs only in severe dehydration.
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!align="left"|Amylase iu/l
!align="left"|Glob g/l
|4
|38
|(1 - 10.6)
|(32 - 48)
|'''Globulins.''' Acute phase proteins. Inflammatory processes usually result in increases in globulins. Serum protein electrophoresis is rarely indicated except in the investigation of certain neoplastic processes. Hypoglobulinaemia may be seen subsequent to infectious disease processes but is rarely of relevance. Hyperglobulinaemia may also be seen in cases of hepatopathy.
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!align="left" bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|Creat μmol/l
|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|87
|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|(53 - 118)
|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"| '''Creatinine.''' Produced in the body by muscle breakdown and filtered by the kidneys. A marker of renal function. In equines creatinine is the most reliable marker of glomerular filtration rate as tubular reabsorption is minimal. Renal tubular damage and reduced glomerular filtration rates will result in increased creatinine.
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!align="left"|Urea mmol/l
|3.2
|(1.5 – 5.2)
|'''Urea.''' Relevant to renal and hepatic function. Traditionally used as a marker of glomerular filtration rate but is subject to enterohepatic recycling and has variable reabsorption in the renal tubules. Elevations in creatinine due to renal dysfunction are more reliable than changes in urea.
Urea is produced in the liver. Reduced hepatic function may result in decreases in urea.
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!align="left" bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|Amylase iu/l
|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|4
|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|(1 - 10.6)
|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|Elevations occur with pancreatitis.
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!align="left" |Lipase iu/l
|12.9
|(7.8 - 27.3)
|Elevations occur with pancreatitis.
|Elevations occur with pancreatitis.
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!align="left" bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|Lipase iu/l
!align="left" bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|Glucose mmol/l
|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|12.9
| bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|4.43
|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|(7.8 - 27.3)
| bgcolor="#F2F2F2"| (3.9 - 4.7)
|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|Elevations occur with pancreatitis.
| bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|Blood '''glucose''' concentration is related to diet, insulin, glucagon and body requirement. Prolonged hyperglycaemia is seen in hyperadrenocorticism and pituitary adenoma. A transient hyperglycaemia occurs postprandially and with stress. Hypoglycaemia can be seen in liver failure, septicaemia, malabsorption and starvation. Can be used for the diagnosis of intestinal malabsorption. False reductions in serum glucose may occur in vitro due to glycolysis by erythrocytes.
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!align="left"|Glucose mmol/l
!align="left" |Calcium mmol/l
|4.43
|3
|(3.9 - 4.7)
|(2.2 – 3.4)
|Blood '''glucose''' concentration is related to diet, insulin, glucagon and body requirement. Prolonged hyperglycaemia is seen in hyperadrenocorticism and pituitary adenoma. A transient hyperglycaemia occurs postprandially and with stress. Hypoglycaemia can be seen in liver failure, septicaemia, malabsorption and starvation. Can be used for the diagnosis of intestinal malabsorption. False reductions in serum glucose may occur in vitro due to glycolysis by erythrocytes.
|Elevations occur with pancreatitis.
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!align="left" bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|Na mmol/l
!align="left" bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|Na mmol/l
|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|133
|bgcolor="#F2F2F2"|133
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Burden, F.A., Hazell-Smith, E., Mulugeta, G., Patrick, V., Trawford, R., Brooks Brownlie, H. (2015). [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eve.12512/pdf Reference intervals for biochemical and haematological parameters in mature domestic donkeys (Equus asinus) in the UK.] ''Equine Veterinary Education'', '''28''' (3), 134-139
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