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==Replication==
==Replication==
Adenoviruses enter the host cell by means of interaction of the receptor, coxsackievirus adenovirus receptor (CAR), with a domain on the fibre protein called the knob domain. Some reports suggest that MHC molecules and sialic acid residues may also function as adenovirus receptors. This initial interaction is followed by a secondary interaction, where a motif in the penton protein interacts with alphav integrin molecule, stimulating endocytosis of the adenovirus. This co-receptor molecule is αv integrin. Binding to αv integrin results in endocytosis of the virus particle via clathrin-coated pits. Attachment to αv integrin stimulates cell signaling and thus induces actin polymerization resulting in entry of the virion into the host cell within an endosome.[2]
Adenoviruses enter the host cell by means of interaction of the receptor, coxsackievirus adenovirus receptor (CAR), with a domain on the fibre protein called the knob domain. Some reports suggest that MHC molecules and sialic acid residues may also function as adenovirus receptors. This initial interaction is followed by a secondary interaction where a motif in the penton protein interacts with αv integrin, stimulating endocytosis of the adenovirus via clathrin-coated pits. Once inside the cell the endosome acidifies, causing the caspid components of the adenovirus to dissociate and releasing the virion into the cytoplasm. The virus is then transported by the microtubule netwoek to the nuclear pore complex, where the adenovirus particle disassembles and DNA enters the nucleus. Viral DNA associates with histone proteins, and replication begins.
Once the virus has successfully gained entry into the host cell, the endosome acidifies, which alters virus topology by causing capsid components to disassociate. These changes as well as the toxic nature of the pentons results in the release of the virion into the cytoplasm. With the help of cellular microtubules the virus is transported to the nuclear pore complex whereby the adenovirus particle disassembles. Viral DNA is subsequently released which can enter the nucleus via the nuclear pore.[3] After this the DNA associates with histone molecules. Thus viral gene expression can occur and new virus particles can be generated.
The adenovirus life cycle is separated, by the DNA replication process, into two phases: an early and a late phase. In both phases a primary transcript is generated which is alternatively spliced to generate monocistronic mRNAs compatible with the host’s ribosome, allowing for the products to be translated.
The adenovirus life cycle is separated, by the DNA replication process, into two phases: an early and a late phase. In both phases a primary transcript is generated which is alternatively spliced to generate monocistronic mRNAs compatible with the host’s ribosome, allowing for the products to be translated.