Changes

==Roles in the Body==

==Roles in the Body==

Manganese is a component of a diverse group metalloenzymes including arginase, pyruvate carboxylase and manganese superoxide dismutase that are important regulators of the urea cycle, gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis, and detoxification of oxygen radicals. Manganese is also a metallic activator for other enzymes such as hydrolases, decarboxylases, kinases and transferases<ref name="Hurley">Hurley, L, Keen, C (1987). “Manganese” in Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, 5th edn., Vol. 1. ed. by W. Mertz, Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA: p 185-223.</ref>. It is known to be important for normal [[Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology|bone development]] and neurological function. The bioavailability of manganese is affected by several factors. [[Calcium - Nutrition|Calcium]], [[Phosphorus - Nutrition|phosphorus]], and phytate all have an adverse effect on manganese absorption whereas [[Iron - Nutrition|iron]] seems to act by increasing faecal manganese losses. In contrast, the amino acids [[Methionine and Cysteine - Nutrition|cysteine]] and [[Histidine - Nutrition|histidine]] enhance the uptake of manganese<ref name="NRC">“Manganese” In: Mineral Tolerance of Animals, 2nd Edition. (2005) National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences. The National Academies Press, Washington DC: p 235-247.</ref>.

Manganese is a component of a diverse group metalloenzymes including arginase, pyruvate carboxylase and manganese superoxide dismutase that are important regulators of the urea cycle, gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis, and detoxification of oxygen radicals. Manganese is also a metallic activator for other enzymes such as hydrolases, decarboxylases, kinases and transferases<ref name="Hurley">Hurley, L, Keen, C (1987). “Manganese” in Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, 5th edn., Vol. 1. ed. by W. Mertz, Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA: p 185-223.</ref>. It is known to be important for normal [[Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology|bone development]] and neurological function. The [[Nutrition Glossary#Bioavailability|bioavailability]] of manganese is affected by several factors. [[Calcium - Nutrition|Calcium]], [[Phosphorus - Nutrition|phosphorus]], and phytate all have an adverse effect on manganese absorption whereas [[Iron - Nutrition|iron]] seems to act by increasing faecal manganese losses. In contrast, the amino acids [[Methionine and Cysteine - Nutrition|cysteine]] and [[Histidine - Nutrition|histidine]] enhance the uptake of manganese<ref name="NRC">“Manganese” In: Mineral Tolerance of Animals, 2nd Edition. (2005) National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences. The National Academies Press, Washington DC: p 235-247.</ref>.

==Consequences of Manganese Deficiency==

==Consequences of Manganese Deficiency==