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Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology (view source)
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==Introduction==
==Introduction==
The tongue (lingua) occupies the ventral aspect of the [[Oral Cavity Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|oral cavity]] and [[Oral Cavity - Oropharynx - Anatomy & Physiology|oropharynx]]. Itis involved with grooming, lapping, prehension and manipultaing food in [[Oral Cavity Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|oral cavity]]. It is also involved in the [[Deglutition|deglutition]] reflex and vocalisation.
The tongue (lingua) occupies the ventral aspect of the [[Oral Cavity Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|oral cavity]] and [[Oropharynx - Anatomy & Physiology|oropharynx]]. It is involved with grooming, lapping, prehension and manipulating food in the [[Oral Cavity Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|oral cavity]]. It is also involved in the [[Deglutition|deglutition]] reflex and vocalisation. The tongue is capable of vigorous and precise movements due to the apex being free of attachments to the [[Oral Cavity Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|oral cavity]].
[[Image:Tongue Anatomy Cow.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Tongue Anatomy (Cow) - Copyright Nottingham 2008]]
==Structure and Function==
The tongue is skeletal muscle dorsally and structural fat surrounded by a cartilagenous sheath forming lyssa (canids only) ventrally. It has an attached root and body with a free apex. The '''frenulum''' (fold of mucosa) attaches the body of the tongue to the floor of the [[Oral Cavity Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|oral cavity]]. The root of tongue is attached to the [[Hyoid Apparatus - Anatomy & Physiology|hyoid bone]]. In the horse and dog, the tongue is 'u' shaped, becoming broader towards the tip. The furrow in the centre of the canid tongue is called the '''median sulcus'''. In the ox, sheep and pig the tongue is 'v' shaped with a pointed apex. The '''torus linguae''' is a swelling across the tongue laterally which pushes food against the [[Hard Palate|hard palate]].
[[Image:Tongue Anatomy Cow2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Tongue Anatomy (Cow) - Copyright Nottingham 2008]]
==Functional Anatomy==
==Muscles==
[[Image:Tongue Venous Drainage.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Venous Drainage of the Tongue - Copyright Prof. Pat Mccarthy]]
===Intrinsic Muscles===
Intrinsic muscles include the dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles and the transverse and vertical bundles.
===Extrinsic Muscles===
The extrinsic muscles include:
'''Intrinsic Muscles'''
'''Styloglossus'''
Its origin is at the [[Hyoid Apparatus - Anatomy & Physiology|hyoid apparatus]] (stylohyoid) and it retracts and elevates the tongue.
'''Genioglossus'''
The origin is at the incisive part of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Mandible (mandibula)|mandible]]. It protrudes and depressed the tongue.
'''Hyoglossus'''
The origin is at the [[Hyoid Apparatus - Anatomy & Physiology|hyoid apparatus]] (basihyoid). It retracts and depresses the tongue.
'''Geniohyoideus'''
It originates at the incisive part of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Mandible (mandibula)|mandible]] and the insertion site is the body of the [[Hyoid Apparatus - Anatomy & Physiology|hyoid]]. It lies below the tongue (not within it) and draws the [[Hyoid Apparatus - Anatomy & Physiology|hyoid]] and therefore the tongue forward.
[[Image:Tongue Muscles Drawing.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Drawing of the Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue - Copyright nabrown]]
==Innervation==
==Innervation==
All muscles moving the tongue are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN XII]]). The rostral 2/3 of the tongue is innervated by the sensory lingual branch of the trigeminal ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN V]]) transmitting temperature, touch and pain sensation. The chorda tympani of the facial nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN VII]]) transmits the taste. The caudal 1/3 of the tongue is innervated by the glossopharyngeal ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN IX]]) providing sensory function for taste.
==Vasculature==
The main blood supply to the tongue is via the '''lingual artery''', a branch of the external carotid artery. A secondary blood supply to the tongue is provided via the tonsillar branch of the facial artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery.
==Histology==
==Histology==
[[Image:Tongue Histology Cat.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Tongue Histology (Cat) - Copyright RVC 2008]]
The tongue consists of stratified squamous epithelium. There are [[Lingual Gland - Anatomy & Physiology|lingual]] glands and a mucosal covering tightly adheres to the contact surface. The degree of keratinisation depends on the diet. There is less keratinisation on the ventral surface and sides of tongue. It is covered by papillae for protection and taste. Papillae are specialised projections of the mucosa. Some papillae have taste buds, others are mechanical to roughen the surface of the tongue.
==Types of Papillae==
===Conical===
Conical papillae are not found in horses. They are present in the caudal 1/3 of the tongue. They point caudally and have no taste buds. There is a thick epithelium.
[[Image:Foliate_Papillae_Cat.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Foliate Papillae (Cat) - Copyright RVC 2008]]
===Foliate===
Eight to twelve papillae in parallel folds, one either side of the tongue midline. Consists of a stratified squamous epithelium, present in the caudal third of the tongue. There are taste buds, glands and lymphatics present.
===Vallate===
[[Image:Circumvallate Papillae.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Circumvallate Papillae (Goat) - Copyright RVC 2008]]
There are three to six, often secondary papillae in taste buds. There are broad glands in the caudal 1/3 of tongue. Taste buds and lymphatics are present.
===Fungiform===
They form the red dots on tongue surface and consist of keratinised, stratified squamous epithelium and blood vessels. They are involved in loss of heat via panting in dogs. They are present in the rostral 2/3 of the tongue and contain taste buds.
[[Image:Filoform Papillae Histology.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Filoform Papillae Histology (Cat) - Copyright RVC 2008]]
===Filiform===
Filiform papillae are the most numerous and point caudally. There are no taste buds, glands or lymphatics. They are the smallest and consist of a thick keratin on stratified squamous epithelium. They are very prominent in cat and are present in the rostral 2/3 of the tongue.
==[[Gustatory System - Anatomy & Physiology|Taste Buds]]==
Also found on the [[Soft Palate|soft palate]] and the [[Pharynx - Anatomy & Physiology|pharynx]] (but sparsely distributed). There is a constant cell turnover, with flat, thick cells. There are taste hairs (microvilli) pointing through the taste pore. Nerves transduce chemical signals into nervous signals.
==Species Differences==
[[Image:Pig Tongue.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Pig Tongue'' <br> Pollo 2007, WikiMedia Commons]]
===Canine===
There are stretch receptors in the tongue and they use the tongue to lose heat by panting.
===Ruminant===
The tongue is heavily keratinised with long papillae for eating (protective surface). The ox has lenticular papillae which are hard and horny due to heavy keratinisation.
===Feline===
Feline species have long papillae for grooming, so their tongue is rough.
===Porcine===
Most of the papillae are soft, long and directed caudally.
===[[Avian Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|Avian]] ===
The avian tongue contains a bone and is mainly used for manipulation of food rather than vocalisation like in mammals. Parrots use the tongue to produce human sounds (see [[Syrinx - Anatomy & Physiology#Species differences|species differences in syrinx]])
==Links==
Click here for [[Tongue - Pathology|pathology of the tongue]] information.
<br>
{{Learning
|flashcards= [[Tongue Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards]]<br>[[Facial_Muscles_-_Musculoskeletal_-_Flashcards|Facial Muscles]]
|powerpoints= [[Oral Cavity Histology resource|Histology of the oral cavity, see part 1 for the tongue]]
|videos = [[Video: Ventral muscles of the head potcast|Ventral muscles of the head potcast]]<br>[[Video: Lateral surface of the head of the dog potcast|Lateral surface of the head of the dog potcast]]<br>[[Video: Lateral surface and sagittal section of the head of a sheep|Lateral surface and sagittal section of the head of a sheep]]<br>[[Video: Lateral surface of the head of the dog potcast 5|Lateral surface of the head of the dog potcast 5]]
|OVAM = [http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/cat-tongue Image - Cat Tongue]
|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Disease/dis00702.asp Macroglossia]
}}
==Webinars==
<rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/gastroenterology-and-nutrition/webinars/feed</rss>
[[Category:Oral Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology]]