Changes

 

   

   

== Introduction  ==

== Introduction  ==

=== Vomer  ===

=== Vomer  ===

The vomer is unpaired and extends from the choanae of the palatine bone to the floor of the nasal cavity. It attaches to the median nuchal crest and has a '''septal sulcus''' which surrounds nasal cavity. <br> <br>  

The vomer is unpaired and extends from the choanae of the palatine bone to the floor of the nasal cavity. It attaches to the median nasal crest and has a '''septal sulcus''' which surrounds nasal cavity. <br> <br>

=== Pterygoid Bone (''os pterygoideum'')  ===

=== Pterygoid Bone (''os pterygoideum'')  ===

== Facial Muscles  ==

== Facial Muscles  ==

[[Image:Muscles of Mastication.jpg|thumb|right|200px|'''Muscles of Mastication''', C.Clarkson and T.F.Fletcher, date unknown]] The major facial muscles are covered in the following sections of anatomy and physiology:  

The major facial muscles are covered in the following sections of anatomy and physiology:  

[[Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology#Muscles|Muscles of the Tongue]]  

[[Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology#Muscles|Muscles of the Tongue]]  

[[Image:Bird skull.jpg|thumb|right|200px|'''Bird skull''', nabrown, 2008]] Birds have '''pneumatised skull bones''' which connect to airways in the head rather than the air sacs. They have large orbits and their skull plates are separated by spongy bone. A '''single occipital condyle''' articulates with the '''atlas''' allowing more rotation of the head. In parrots, the nasal bone and frontal bone are joined by a flexible cartilage structure allowing greater jaw opening which is called the craniofacial hinge. This allows kinesis to occur. Birds have thin '''jugal arches''' (equivalent to zygomatic arch) and the middle ear contains only the columella (equivalent to the stapes). <br> <br>

[[Image:Bird skull.jpg|thumb|right|200px|'''Bird skull''', nabrown, 2008]] Birds have '''pneumatised skull bones''' which connect to airways in the head rather than the air sacs. They have large orbits and their skull plates are separated by spongy bone. A '''single occipital condyle''' articulates with the '''atlas''' allowing more rotation of the head. In parrots, the nasal bone and frontal bone are joined by a flexible cartilage structure allowing greater jaw opening which is called the craniofacial hinge. This allows kinesis to occur. Birds have thin '''jugal arches''' (equivalent to zygomatic arch) and the middle ear contains only the columella (equivalent to the stapes). <br> <br>

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{{Learning

{{Learning

|flashcards= [[Skull - Musculoskeletal - Flashcards|Skull]]<br>[[Facial Muscles - Musculoskeletal - Flashcards|Facial Muscles]]

|flashcards= [[Skull - Musculoskeletal - Flashcards|Skull]]<br>[[Facial Muscles - Musculoskeletal - Flashcards|Facial Muscles]]

|videos= [[Canine Lateral Head video|Potcast of the lateral surface of the canine head]]

|videos= [[Canine Lateral Head video|Potcast of the lateral surface of the canine head]]

|dragster= [[Canine Head Skeletal Anatomy Resources (I & II)]]<br>[[Canine Head Skeletal Anatomy Resources (III, IV & V)]]<br>[[Canine Facial Features Dissection Anatomy Resource]]<br>[[Canine Head Radiographical Anatomy Resources (I, II & III)]]<br>[[Canine Head Radiographical Anatomy Resources (IV & V)]]<br>[[Equine Head Dissection Anatomy Resources (I, II & III)]]<br>[[Equine Head Dissection Anatomy Resources (IV, V & VI)]]

|dragster= [[Canine Head Skeletal Anatomy Resources (I & II)]]<br>[[Canine Head Skeletal Anatomy Resources (III, IV & V)]]<br>[[Canine Facial Features Dissection Anatomy Resource]]<br>[[Canine Head Radiographical Anatomy Resources (I, II & III)]]<br>[[Canine Head Radiographical Anatomy Resources (IV & V)]]<br>[[Equine Head Dissection Anatomy Resources (I, II & III)]]<br>[[Equine Head Dissection Anatomy Resources (IV, V & VI)]]

}}

}}

[[Category:Musculoskeletal_System_-_Anatomy_&_Physiology]] [[Category:A&P Done]]

 

[[Category:Musculoskeletal_System_-_Anatomy_&_Physiology]]

[[Category:Needs splitting]]

[[Category:Needs splitting]]