Difference between revisions of "Aspergillosis"

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Image:Canine nasal asper radiograph.jpg|<center><p>'''Canine nasal aspergillus radiograph'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
 
Image:Canine nasal asper radiograph.jpg|<center><p>'''Canine nasal aspergillus radiograph'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
 
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===''Aspergillus fumigatus''===
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[[Image:Aspergillus pneumonia of cattle.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Aspergillus hyphae in cattle lung (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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[[Image:Aspergillosis in nasal cavity.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Nasal aspergillosis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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*[[Aspergillus spp.|''Aspergillus fumigatus'']]
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*Most commonly in dogs but also other species
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*Causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]], often also involves the [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|frontal sinus]]
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*Chronic necrotising inflammation with friable exudate containing necrotic tissue and fungal hyphae
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* Result in severe neutrophilic [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|rhinitis]]/[[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology|sinusitis]]
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*These lesions can be aggressive causing destruction of turbinates and nasal septum
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*Can occur secondary to areas of mucosal compromise eg: adjacent to a space-occupying lesion
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*Can cause pulmonary aspergillosis especially in '''birds''', but also other animals
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**Initiated by inhalation of spores,the most likely source of which is mouldy feed and bedding
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**Given the wide exposure that occurs, it is thought that immunodeficiency may contribute to colonisation with this organism
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**Gross lesions :
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***Multiple discrete grey/ white nodules which develop around fungal colonies
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***Blood vessels can become involved in the lesions -> invasion, haemorrhage or thrombosis
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**Histologically:
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***Granulomatous chronic lesions
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***Macrophages and epithelioid cells
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***Fibrous capsule
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*In horses:
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**[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Nasal aspergillosis]]
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**[[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|Guttural pouch infections]] in horses - fungal plaques form on the adventitia of the carotid arteries can lead to catastrophic haemorrhage following erosion of carotid arteries!
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**Often present with [[Respiratory System Clinical Signs - Pathology#Epistaxis|epistaxis]]
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**May present with neurological dysfunction
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**Rarely extends to other resions: cranium, middle ear, atlanto-occipital joint
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**May extend to [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinuses]]
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[[Category:Systemic_Mycoses]]
 
[[Category:Systemic_Mycoses]]
 
[[Category:To_Do_-_Fungi]]
 
[[Category:To_Do_-_Fungi]]

Revision as of 14:28, 30 June 2010

Caused by Aspergillus spp.

  • Avians:
    • Diffuse infection of the air sacs
    • Diffuse pneumonic form
    • Nodular form involving the lungs
    • Spores are inhaled
    • Yellow nodules in the lungs and air sacs
    • The acute form usually affects young birds and is rapidly fatal (within 24-48 hours)
      • Signs include diarrhoea, listlessness, pyrexia, loss of appetite and loss of condition
      • Sometimes convulsions may occur
      • Resembles Pullorum disease
    • The chronic form usually occurs in adult birds and is sporadic, presenting with milder clinical signs
  • Cattle:
    • Infection can cause abortion and ocular infections
    • Infections involve the uterus, fetal membranes and fetal skin
    • Lesions are usually up to 2mm in diameter and contain asteroid bodies with a germinated spore in the centre
      • Acute infection causes miliary lesions
      • Chronic infections causes granulomatous and calcified lesions
  • Dogs, cats and sheep:
    • Infections occur, but infrequently
    • lungs and nasal cavity most usually affected
    • Disseminated form with granulomas and infarcts can occur in dogs
    • Pulmonary and intersitital forms can occur in cats
  • Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar
    • White colonies intitially which turn green, then dark green, flat and velvety
    • Colony colour varies with species
  • Also grows on Czapek-Dox agar and 2% malt extract agar supplemented with antibacterial antibiotics
  • Microscopically:
    • Conidiophores with large terminal vesicles (only visible in the lungs and air sacs where there is access to oxygen)
      • Vesicle shape varies depending on the species
    • Is a common contaminant so repeated tests should be done for a definitive diagnosis
  • Serology:
    • Gel immunodiffusion for canine nasal asper

Aspergillus fumigatus

Aspergillus hyphae in cattle lung (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)
Nasal aspergillosis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)
  • Aspergillus fumigatus
  • Most commonly in dogs but also other species
  • Causes rhinitis, often also involves the frontal sinus
  • Chronic necrotising inflammation with friable exudate containing necrotic tissue and fungal hyphae
  • Result in severe neutrophilic rhinitis/sinusitis
  • These lesions can be aggressive causing destruction of turbinates and nasal septum
  • Can occur secondary to areas of mucosal compromise eg: adjacent to a space-occupying lesion
  • Can cause pulmonary aspergillosis especially in birds, but also other animals
    • Initiated by inhalation of spores,the most likely source of which is mouldy feed and bedding
    • Given the wide exposure that occurs, it is thought that immunodeficiency may contribute to colonisation with this organism
    • Gross lesions :
      • Multiple discrete grey/ white nodules which develop around fungal colonies
      • Blood vessels can become involved in the lesions -> invasion, haemorrhage or thrombosis
    • Histologically:
      • Granulomatous chronic lesions
      • Macrophages and epithelioid cells
      • Fibrous capsule
  • In horses:
    • Nasal aspergillosis
    • Guttural pouch infections in horses - fungal plaques form on the adventitia of the carotid arteries can lead to catastrophic haemorrhage following erosion of carotid arteries!
    • Often present with epistaxis
    • May present with neurological dysfunction
    • Rarely extends to other resions: cranium, middle ear, atlanto-occipital joint
    • May extend to sinuses